CHI331

ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMISTRY 16 SEP 2020
 Solution to water crisis
Treatment of wastewater and REUSE

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES TARGETED APPLICATION

Target Applications: Potable water, gardening, irrigation, Industry, or disposal

Procedure
Assessment of quality of wastewater Treatment Technology

target application
 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

There are ~ 54 water quality

parameters categorized as follows:
i. Physical water quality parameters
ii. Biological water quality parameters,
and
iii. Chemical water quality parameters
Physical water quality parameters

Temperature
i.

ii. Total suspended solids

iii. Turbidity
iv. Colour
TEMPERATURE
1. Define
2. Sources
3. Impacts, and
4. measurement
Chemical water quality parameters

i. Total Dissolved solids (T.D.S.)

ii. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.)
iii.Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)
iv.Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D.)
v. Taste and Odour
Biological Water quality parameters
i. MPN count
 Total suspended Solids (TSS)
• 2-2 SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Solids can be dispersed in water in both suspended and dissolved

forms. Although some dissolved solids may be perceived by the
physical senses, they fall more appropriately under the category
of chemical parameters.
Sources: Solids suspended in water may consist of inorganic or
organic particles or of immiscible liquids. Inorganic solids such as
clay, silt, and other soil constituents are common in surface
water. Organic materials such as plant fibers, leaves, conifer
needles, wood pieces, and biological solids (algal cells, bacteria,
etc.) are also common constituents of surface waters.
 TSS
These materials are often natural contaminants resulting from the
erosive action of water flowing over surfaces. Because of the filtering
capacity of the soil, suspended material is seldom a constituent of
groundwater.
Other suspended material may result from human use of the water.
Domestic wastewater usually contains large quantities of suspended
solids that are mostly organic in nature. Industrial use of water may
result in a wide variety of suspended impurities of either organic or
inorganic nature. Immiscible liquids such as oils and greases are often
constituents of wastewater.
Measurement
There are several tests available for measuring so lid s. Most are
gravimetric 'tests involving the mass of residues. The total solids tesc
quantifies all the solids in the water. suspended and disso lved, organic
and inorganic. This parameter is measured by evaporating a sample to
dryness and weighing the residue. The 'total quantity of residue is
expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L) on a dry-mass-of-solids basis. A
drying temperature slightly above boiling (I04 C) is sufficient to drive off
t he liquid and the water adsorbed to the surface of the particles, while
a temperature - of about 180°C is necessary to evaporate the occluded
water.
Most suspended solids can be removed from water by filtration . Thus,
the suspended fraction of the solids in a water sample can be
approximated by filtering the water, drying the residue and filter to a
constant weight at 104 °C (± 1 ° C).
TSS, Contd.
Once samples have been dried and measured, the organic content
of both total and suspended solids can be determined by firing the
residues at 600°C for 1 h.
The organic fraction of the residues will be converted to carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and other gases and will escape. The
remaining material will represent the inorgamc, or fixed residue.
When organic suspended solids are being measured ,
a filter made of glass fiber or some other material that will not
decompose at the elevated temperature must be used.
 Impacts

Suspended materials may be objectionable in

water for many reasons. It is aesthetically
displeasing and provides adsorption sites for
chemicals and toxic materials. Suspended
biological particles may be degraded resulting
in objectionable taste.
 TURBIDITY
A direct measurement of suspended solids is not usually performed on samples
from natural bodies of water or on potable (drinkable) water supplies. The nature
of the solids in these waters and the secondary effects they produce are more
important than the actual quantity. For such waters a test for turbidity is commonly
used.
Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered
by suspended material in water. Because absorption and scattering are influenced
by both size and surface ·characteristics of the suspended material, turbidity is
not a direct quantitative measurement of suspended solids. For example, one
small pebble in a glass of water would produce virtually no turbidity. If this
pebble were crushed into thousands of particles of colloidal size, a measurable
turbidity would result, even though the mass of solids had not changed
 TURBIDITY
Most turbidity in surface waters results from the erosion of colloidal material
such as clay, silt, rock fragments and metal oxides from the soil. Vegetable fibers
and microorganisms may also contribute to turbidity. Household and industrial
wastewaters may contain a wide variety of turbidity-producing material. Soaps,
detergents and emulsifying agents produce stable colloids that result in turbidity.
Although turbidity tests are not commonly run on wastewater, discharges of
wastewaters may increase the turbidity of natural bodies of water.
IMPACTS
When turbid water in a small transparent container, such as a drinking glass.
is held up to the light, an aesthetically·displeasing opaqueness or "milky" coloration is apparent.
The colloidal materials associated with turbidity provide adsorption
sites for chemicals that Illay be harmful or cause undesirable tastes and odors
ano for biological organisms that mav be harmfuL Disinfection of turbid wa ters
is diffic ult because of the adsorptive cll~iracterislics of some colloids and because
the solids Illay partiall y shield organisms fr om the disinfectant.
In natural water bodies. turbidity may impart a brown or other color to wetter.
depending on the light-absorbing properties of the solids and may interfere with light
penetration and photosynthetic reactions in streams and lakes. Accumulation
of turbidity-causing particles in porous streambeds results in sediment deposits
that can ad versely affect the fl o ra and fauna of the stream.
 Measurement
Nephelometry,
Standarization of the equipment,
Standard samples: samples of known concentration
In case of turbidity, standard samples are the samples of known turbidity

Solution 1: solution of urotropin, 1 g in 100 ml dw

Solution 2: solution of hydrazaine sulphate, 10 g in 100 ml d/w

[Mix sol 1 and sol 2, let them stand for 48 h, after 48 h, a thick white ppt is
accumulated and settled at the bottom of the reactor] Stock solution ,
• Turbidity of the stock solution is 4000 NTU

• Preapare many standard solution diluting the stock solution,

• Use the standard solutions for calibrating the nephelometer,