Command Governor Strategies for

the Online Management of Reactive

Power in Smart Grids With
Distributed Generation
B Y:
DARSHIL SHAH(441)
TA N V I K A L E ( 4 1 3 )

1
REACTIVE POWER:
Instantaneous
  Power is given by,
P=vi=VmaxImaxsin(wt)sin(t-)
=VmaxImax[cos-cos(2t-)]/2
=|V|| I | [cos-cos(2t-)]
= |V||I | cos-| || I
V |[cos(2t)cos+sin(2t)sin]
= |V||I | cos[1-cos(2t)] - | | V I
| |sinsin(2t)

Reactive Power is defined as,

Q=|V || I |sin

2
REACTIVE POWER:
p=
  P[1-cos(2t)] – Qsin(2t)

The reactive power Q is equal to the peak value of that power components, which travels
back and forth on the line, resulting in zero average and therefore no useful work. Unit of
reactive power is ‘var’ (VAr)

3
SMART GRID:
According to United States Department of Energy’s modern grid initiative, an intelligent or
a smart grid integrates advanced sensing technologies, control methods and integrated
communications into the current electricity grid.

4
COMMAND GOVERNOR:
A command governor (CG) is described for solving set-point track­ing
problems for nonlinear systems when pointwise-in-time input and/or state
related inequality constraints have to be fulfilled. A CG is a nonlinear
device which is added to a primal compensated system. The CG action,
based on the current state, set-point and prescribed constraints, is
finalized to select, at any time, a command sequence under which the
constraints are possibly fulfilled with acceptable tracking performance. 

5
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION:
Distributed generation(DG) is an approach that employs small-scale technologies to
produce electricity close to the end users of power. DG technologies often consist of
modular (and sometimes renewable-energy) generators, and they offer a number of
potential benefits.  In many cases, distributed generators can provide lower-cost
electricity and higher power reliability and security with fewer environmental
consequences than can traditional power generators.