OVERVIEW OF

CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
ETYMOLOGY OF CRIMINAL

Derived from Old French CRIMINEL,

criminal despicable wicked and directly from
Late Latin CRIMINALIS pertaining to
crime, From Latin Crimen (genitive
Criminis).
Etymology of Investigation:

 The term came from the Latin word investigare

 which means “to track or to look into for traces”.

 Fundamentally, it may have been derived from vestigium,

another Latin word
- which means “footprint”.
Who is a Criminal
 Pertains to individual who has been found guilty of
the commission of conduct that causes social harm
and that is punishable by law; a person who has
committed a crime.

 Criminals are those who violated Philippine

Criminal Laws and convicted by courts.
Who is a criminal Investigator or
Prober
 Refers to a public safety officer who is tasked to
conduct the investigation of all criminal cases provided
for embodied under the Revised Penal Code/Criminal
Laws and Special Laws which are criminal in nature.

 A well-trained person disciplined and experienced

professional in the field of criminal investigation duties
and responsibilities.
Criminal Investigation Background
 BABYLON (2100 B.C.).
At about 1750 BC, Hammurabi, king of Babylon created one
of the first Bodies of Written Law. (CODE OF HAMMURABI).
 It imposes the Lex Taliones (Law of Retribution)
 Refers to the concept known as “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a
tooth”
 ROME (5th Century B.C.).
 Thiscentury marked Rome for the creation of the first specialized
investigative unit which was named as the Questor or Trackers or
Murderers.

 ATHENS (6th Century B.C.).

 Thisera adapted an unpaid magistrate(judge) to make decisions for the
cases presented to them
 This magistrate was only appointed by the Citizens.
 Reign of Alfred the Great (9th Century).
 Alfred the Great established a system of Mutual Pledge(social Control), which
organized for the security of the country into several levels such as:
Ten Tithing
 Done by grouping a hundred persons into one under the charge of a High Constables).

 The constable who is considered the first form of English Police deals with more serious
breaches of the Law.

Tithing
 Performed by grouping ten persons together to protect one another and to assume
responsibility for the acts of the group’s member.
 The one who heads the group is called Chief

Note: William Norman divided England into Shires(district) and was headed by a reeve(ruler)
 ROME (at about the time of Christ).
 The Roman Emperor Augustus picked out special, highly qualified
members of the military to form the Praetorian Guard, the
Praefectus Urbi and the Vigiles of Rome.
Praetorian Guard – considered as to be the first police officer in Rome
with the job of protecting the Palace of Rome and the Emperor.
Praefectus Urbi – is to protect the city exercising both executive and
judicial power.
Vigiles of Rome – the Vigiles began as the fire fighters, granted with law
enforcement responsibilities and patrolled Rome’s streets day and night.
Vigile
 It was considered as civil police force designed to protect citizens.

 It was considered quite brutal and it is where the word “Vigilante” came from.
 The Statute of Winchester: England (1285 A.D.).
 It was establish a rudimentary criminal justice system in which
most of the responsibility for law enforcement remained with the
people themselves.

 The Watch and Ward Act – required all men to serve on the night
watch with three major duties:
Patrolling the streets from dusk till dawn to ensure that all local people were
indoors and quiet and that no strangers were roaming about.
Performing duties such as lighting street lamps, clearing garbage from the
streets and putting out fires.
Enforcing the criminal law.
 Hue and Cry System
 all male shall keep weapons in their home for maintaining public peace.
If there was any trouble the Watch and Ward would raise Hue and Cry
and then all the citizens would come out from their homes and assist the
Watch and Ward.
 Parish
Constables – the primary urban law enforcement agents in
England.
 The office of the Parish Constables was responsible for organizing and
supervising the Watch and Ward.
Dental Evidence (1447)
The first use of dentistry to solve a crime
The missing teeth of the French Duke of Burgundy were used
to identify remains in 1447.

Blood Splatter Analysis (1514)

Allows us to see how the blood got where it is by seeing the
placement of the blood and the shape of the splatter.
 English Policing System (17th Century).
 It used a form of individual private police called as the Thief Takers.

 Boston Night Watchmen (1636).

 Boston had a night watchmen, in addition to military guard.
 New York and Philadelphia soon developed a similar night watch
system.

 Rattle Watch

New York Night watchmen.

 Jonathan Wild
 Thief-taker and anti-hero

 Henry Fielding (1749).

 Founded the Bow Street Runners.
 Itwas called the London’s first professional police force and was
considered as the foundation to all modern police forces.
 He published a pamphlet entitled, An Inquiry into the Causes of the
Late Increase of Robbers.
 John Fielding (1753)
 Younger half-brother of Henry Fielding

 Blind Break
 Recognized 3000 criminals by the sounds of their voices

 Patrick Colquhoun (1800)

 Published a book known as, The Commerce and Policing of the River
Thames.
 He was also credited for his innovation for the critical development.

 Together with Master Mariner John Harriot developed(founder) the Marine

Police Force or sometimes known as the Thames River Police.
 It was said to be the first England’s Police Force.
Eugene “Francois” Vidocq (1811)
He introduced the concept of Trade Protection Society,
which became the forerunner of our present-day credit
card system.
He is the founder of La Suerte (France’s National Detective
Organization.
He was considered as the Father Modern Criminology of
the French Police Department.
He was regarded as the First Private Detective
He worked under the Theory of Set a thief to catch a thief.
Sir Robert Peel (1829)
 Established the London Metropolitan Police, which
became the world’s first modern organized police force.
 The Metropolitan Police Force was guided by the concept
of crime prevention as a primary police objective.
 Embodied the most memorable principle which states that :
The police are the public, and the public are the police.
 The father of Modern Policing.
Met and MPS
Informal names for Metropolitan Police Force
Also referred as Scotland Yard Police.

Police are often referred to as Bobbies or Peelers.

After the name of Sir Robert “ Bobby” Peel.
Forensic Firearm Examination (1835)
 The first case of forensic firearm examination was in 1835
HENRY GODDARD
 Applied ballistic Fingerprinting to link a bullet recovered from the
victim to the actual culprit.
 Herealized that recovering the bullet mold would easily help him to
confirm the shooter.
 Boston Police (1838)
 It was the first American police force established in the city of Boston.
 It was a day police force supplement the nightwatch (two-shift police system)
 Created the first unified day and night police, thus abolishing its nightwatch system.

 Sir William James Herschel (1850s)

 Accredited with being the first European to note the value of fingerprints for identification.
 Recognizing that fingerprints were unique and permanent by documenting his own
fingerprints over his lifetime.
 He was also credited with being the first person to use fingerprints in practical manner.
 He introduced the method of identifying criminals by their fingerprints in the 1860’s in
india
Allan Pinkerton (1850)
 He was a Scottish-born detective and the founder of a famous American private
detective agency.
 its
successes included the thwarting of an assassination plot against President-elect
Abraham Lincoln in February 1861 in Baltimore
 He was considered as the America’s foremost private detective. And truly deserves
the title of America’s Founder of Criminal Investigation.
 He pioneered a method were shadowing, the art of suspects surveillance, roping,
working undercover capacity, the have the motto “WE NEVER SLEEP”.
 Also, he was the first to devise a ROGUES’ GALLERY.
 Charles Dickens (1852)
 He was so fond of the term that he used it twice in his own magazine “Household
Words” (to each division of the Force is attached two officers, who are denominated
‘detectives,’ 1850). Then again in his novel “Bleak House” (1852).
 He introduced the term detective to the English language.

 Thomas Byrnes (1866)

 Became one of the most famous crime fighters of the late 19 th century by supervising
the newly created detective division of the New York Police Department.
 He
was widely credited for pioneering the use of modern police tools such as
MUGSHOTS.
 He
proudly took credit for an intense form of interrogation he termed THE THIRD
DEGREE.
Alphonse Bertillon (1882)
 He introduced the first systematic identification system based on the
Anthropological Measurement (Anthropometry or Bertillon System).
 He was considered the Founder of Criminal investigation, Father of Criminal
Investigation and as well as the Founder of Personal Identification.
1. Body: height standing, reach from fingertips to fingertips, length of trunk and head, or
height sitting;
2. Head: length and width, length and width of right ear; and
3. Limbs: length of left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little finger,
Length of left forearm.
 Portrait Parle (Spoken Portrait/Picture
 Is an identification technique invented by Bertillon as a supplement to the system.
 Sherlock Holmes (1887)
 Arthur Conan Doyle published his first Sherlock Holmes story in 1887 which is a
fictional detective movie.
 London-based “ consulting detective,”.
 Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to adopt almost any
disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.

 Juan Vucetich (1892)

 The first use of fingerprints in modern times to solve a murder was documented.
 He created the world’s first fingerprint classification system – based on early
experiments by English scientist Sir Francis Galton.
 He referred to his system as “comparative dactyloscopy”
Dr. Hans Gross (1893)
 Hans Gustav Adolf Gross was an Australian criminal jurist and
Criminologist.
 The Founding Father of Criminal Profiling.
 His efforts focused on expanding deep investigation, professional
ethics, and the scientific method
 He fully introduced the concept of criminalistics in 1893, a period in
which the notion of criminology expanded.
 He publish a book System Der Kriminalistik (Criminal
Investigation) and widely coining the term “criminalistics”.
 He is also widely regarded as the Grandfather of Criminalistics.
Edmond Locard (1920)
 He published L’ Enquete Criminelle et les Methodes Scientifique
(Criminal Investigation and Scientific Methods).
 A pioneer on forensic science and became known as Sherlock Holmes of
France.
 He formulated the basic principle of forensic science: Every contact
leaves a trace.
 This became known as Locard’s Exchange Principle.
 He established the first real crime lab in two attic rooms at the Lyon,
France police department in 1910.
 He is the Father of Crime Scene Investigation.
The Lie Detector (1921)
 John Larson
 A University of California medical student, invented the modern lie detector
(polygraph) in 1921.
 Used in police interrogation and investigation since 1924, the lie
detector is still controversial among psychologists, and is not always
judicially acceptable.
 Thename polygraph comes from the fact that the machine records
several different body responses simultaneously as the individual is
questioned.
International Criminal Police Commission
(1923)
 It was created in 1923, and became the International Criminal Police
Organization – INTERPOL ( international Police) in 1956
 It offers investigative support such us forensic, analysis, and
assistance in locating fugitives around the world.
 It serves as the intelligence and communications liaison for police
forces across its 190 (and counting) member countries.
 Provide targeted training, investigative support and real-time data to
help combat wide variety of criminal activity across international
borders.
Miranda vs. Arizona (1966).
 The case became the model (with modification) relative to the rights of the person
under custodial investigation observe by criminal investigators.
 The United State States Supreme Court established procedural guidelines for taking
criminal confessions (Miranda Warning or Rights)
 The Miranda Doctrine
 (a) any person under custodial investigation has the right to remain silent;
 (b) anything he says can and will be used against him in a court of law;
 (c) he has the right to talk to an attorney before being questioned and to have his counsel present
when being questioned; and
 (d) if he cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided before any questioning if he so desires.
Dr. Alec Jeffreys (1985).
 He is a British geneticist
 Alec
and his team developed techniques for genetic fingerprinting and
DNA profiling in 1985.
 DNA fingerprinting was first used in police forensic test to identify the killer of
two teenagers, Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth, who had been raped and
murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire, in 1983 and 1986 respectively.
 Colin Pitchfork was identified and convicted of their murders after
samples taken from him matched semen samples taken from the two
dead girls.