• Now, we consider the output terminal characteristic of BJT.

• Assume o/p collector current is independent of collector-emitter

voltage collector-current is a function of base-emitter voltage,
so the equation:

i C
i C  .v BE
v BE Q  pt

• From eq 5.2 in Chapter 5 Neaman,

 v BE 
iC  I S exp 
 VT 

1
• After substitution and rearrange the above, we obtain:

• The term ICQ / VT is a conductance. Since this term relates current

in collector to a voltage in B-E circuit, it is called
transconductance and is written:

iC 1  v BE  I CQ
 . I S exp  
v BE Q  pt
VT  VT  Q  pt VT

• Transconductance also a function of Q-pt parameters and directly

proportional to dc bias current.

I CQ
gm 
VT
2
SMALL-SIGNAL HYBRID- EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
USING TRANSCONDUCTANCE

gm=ICQ/VT

r=VT/ICQ

Transconductance parameter
3
• We can relate small-signal collector current to small-signal base
current for o/p of equivalent circuit.
i C
ic  .i b
i B Q  pt

• Where
i C

i B Q  pt

• β is called ac common-emitter current gain.

• Thus:
i c  i b
4
 ib
(Ib )



Current gain parameter

5