Extraction

Equipments
1.Batch extraction
2.Continous extraction
 OUTLINES
 Introduction to extraction.
 Equipment for extraction.
 Principles of Extraction
 Operating modes of
extraction (Batch Extraction,
Continuous Extraction)
INTRODUCTION TO EXTRACTION
Definition of Extraction
Liquid-Liquid extraction is a mass transfer operation in which a
liquid solution (the feed) is contacted with an immiscible or nearly
immiscible liquid (solvent) that exhibits preferential affinity or
selectivity towards one or more of the components in the feed.
Purpose of Extraction
 To separate closed-boiling point mixture
 Mixture that cannot withstand high temperature of distillation
 Example:
- recovery of penicillin from fermentation broth solvent: butyl
acetate
- recovery of acetic acid from dilute aqueous solutions solvent:
ethyl-acetate
 2. Packed extraction 3. Perforated-
1. Mixer-settlers towers plate towers

EQUIPMENT FOR
EXTRACTION
6. Centrifugal 4. Agitated
extractors tower
extractors

7. Auxilary equipment 5. Pulse columns

[stills, evaporators, heaters
and condenser]
EQUIPMENT FOR EXTRACTION
 Batchwise or continuous operation
 Feed liquid + solvent (put in agitated vessel) = layers
(to be settled and separated)
 Extract – the layer of solvent + extracted solute
 Raffinate – the layer from which solute has been
removed
 Extract may be lighter or heavier than raffinate.
 Continuous flow – more economical for more than one
contact process
EQUIPMENT FOR EXTRACTION
 MIXER-SETTLERS
 For Batchwise Extraction:
→ The mixer and settler may be the same unit.
→ A tank containing a turbine or propeller agitator is most common.
→ At the end of mixing cycle the agitator is shut off, the layers are
allowed to separate by gravity.
→ Extract and raffinate are drawn off to separate receivers through a
bottom drain line carrying a sight glass.
→ The mixing and settling times required for a given extraction can
be determined only by experiment.
(e.g: 5 min for mixing and 10 min for settling are typical)
- both shorter and much longer times are common.
 MIXER-SETTLERS

Feed Single Raffinate

Stage
Solvent Extract
Extraction

Schematic Diagram Representation of a Single

Stage Batch Extraction
 MIXER-SETTLERS
 For Continous Extraction:
→ The mixer and settler are usually separate pieces of equipment.

→ The mixer; small agitated tank provided with a drawoff line

and
baffles to prevent short-circuiting, or it may be motionless mixer
or other flow mixer.

→ The settler; is often a simple continuous gravity decanter.

→ In common used; several contact stages are required, a train of

mixer-settlers is operated with countercurrent flow.
 MIXER-SETTLERS

Note: The raffinate from each settler becomes a feed to the next
mixer, where it meets intermediate extract or fresh solvent.
 PACKED EXTRACTION TOWERS

→ Tower extractors give differential contacts, not stage contacts,

and mixing and settling proceed continuously sand
simultaneously.
→ Extraction; can be carried out in an open tower, with drops of
heavy liquid falling through the rising light liquid or vice versa.
→ The tower is filled with packings such as rings or saddles,
which causes the drops to coalesce and reform, and tends to limit
axial dispersion.
→ In an extraction tower there is continuous transfer of material
between phases, and the composition of each phase changes as it
flows through the tower.
→ The design procedure ; is similar to packed absorption towers.
PACKED EXTRACTION TOWERS
 PERFORATED-PLATE TOWERS
→ The axial mixing characteristic of an open tower can also be
limited by using transverse perforated plate like those in the
sieve-plate distillation towers.
1 1 1 3
→ The perforations are typically 12 , to 4 2 mm (16 to16 in.) in
diameter.
→ Plate spacing range from 150 to 600 mm (6 to 24 in.)
→ Usually, the light liquid is the dispersed phase, and downcomers
carry the heavy liquid above.
→ Extraction takes place in the mixing zone above the
perforations, with the light liquid (oil) rising and collecting in a
space below the next-higher plate, then following transversely
over a weir to the next set of perforations.
PERFORATED-PLATE TOWERS
 AGITATED TOWER EXTRACTORS

→ It depends on gravity flow for mixing

and for separation.
→ Mechanical energy is provided by
internal turbines or other agitators,
mounted on a central rotating shaft.
→ Fig (a), flat disks disperse the liquids
and impel them outward toward the
tower wall, where stator rings create
quite zones in which the two phases can
separate.
→ In other designs, set of impellers are
separated by calming sections to give, in
effect, a stack of mixer-settlers one
above the other.
 AGITATED TOWER EXTRACTORS

→ In the York-Scheibel extractor

(Fig. b), the region surrounding the
agitators are packed with wire mesh
to encounter coalescence and
separation of the phases.
→ Most of the extraction takes place in
the mixing sections, but some also
occurs in the calming sections.
→ The efficiency of each mixer-settler
unit is sometimes greater than 100
percent.
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