Set Theory and Set Operations

Set Theory and

Set Operations

Basic Set Concepts and

Terminologies
Set Theory and Set Operations
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
• In mathematics, a set is any well-defined
collection of distinct objects.

 well-defined
 it must be absolutely clear which
object belongs to the set and which does
not

 distinct
 well-distinguished; unique
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
• Each object in that collection is an element
or a member of that set.

• An object is an element of the set if the

object belongs to the set.

• Capital/Uppercase letters are usually used

to name or denote a set.
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•  For instance, the vowels of the English
alphabet can be written as follows:

This can be read as

“ is the set containing , , , , and .”
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
Example 1:
Which of the following collections can be
considered sets?
(a) Letters in the word ELITE

(b) Months with only 31 days

(c) Good books published in the Philippines

(d) Past presidents in a country

 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
Example 1:
Which of the following collections can be
considered sets?
(e) Best basketball players

(f) Smart students enrolled in Pisay NCE-

RACE Review

(g) Math teachers of ELITE Tutorial and

Review
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•   A finite set contains a definite (i.e., can be
counted) number of elements.
Example:

• An infinite set contains an unlimited

number of elements.
Example:
The set of counting numbers
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•   The set containing no elements is called
the empty set or the null set ∅.

• The set containing all the elements under

consideration in a given problem is called
the universal set represented by the .

• If is an element of set , then we write

(read as ). Otherwise, (read as )
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
• There are two widely used methods of
representing a set:

(i) The Roster Notation

(ii)The Set-Builder Notation

 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•   The Roster Notation
 The elements are listed, separated by
a comma, and enclosed in a pair of
braces

 Also known as the listing method

 The vowels of the English alphabet

can be written in the roster form as
follows:
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•   The Roster Notation
 “Set consists of the whole numbers”
can be written in roster notation as
follows:

 The ellipsis indicates that the

succeeding numbers are found by
same pattern of the sequence
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
Example 2:
Write the set described below in roster form.

(a) Set X consists of the letters of the country

of a Filipino

(b) Set of all suits in a deck of playing cards

 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  2:
Write the set described below in roster form.

(c) is the set of months of the year having

exactly 30 days

(d) Set of even numbers from 2 to 100

 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
• Set-builder Notation
 A property or rule for the elements of
the set is stated

 Also known as the descriptive rule

method

 Criteria are given in deciding

whether an object/element belongs
to the set
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•   Set-builder Notation
 “Set consists of the natural numbers”
can be written in set-builder form as
follows:

This can be read as

“Set is the set of all ’s such that is a natural
number”
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  3:
Write the set listed below in set-builder form.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  4:
Determine whether each set is finite (F) or
infinite (I).
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  4:
Determine whether each set is finite (F) or
infinite (I).
(e) the shopping centers in the world

(f) points in a line

(g) factors of 125,444

(h)
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
Example 5:
State whether each of the following collections
can be considered a set or not.
1) Interesting students in a school
2) Government employees in the Philippines
3) Naughty pupils in my class
4) A book well-liked by the grade 6 pupils
5) Current senators in a country
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  6:
State whether each of the following
statements is true (T) or false (F).
1) is a null set.
2) The set of months having 32 days is an
empty set.
3) is not a null set.
4) The set of months having exactly 29 days
is an empty set.
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  6:
State whether each of the following
statements is true (T) or false (F).
5) is
an empty set.

6) “A triangle whose interior angle measures

have a sum of more than 180 degrees” is
an example of an empty set.
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  6:
State whether each of the following
statements is true (T) or false (F).
7) Set of prime numbers less than 2 is not a
null set.
8) car
9) { | is a letter of the word SCHOOL}
10) 1 {prime numbers}
11) is a null set.
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  6:
State whether each of the following is true (T)
or false (F).
12) {composite numbers less than 1,500,000}
is an infinite set.
13) {pupils in the Philippines} is a finite set.
14) {fractions between 6 and 10} is a finite set.
15) is a unit set.
16) is a void set.
17) has a cardinality of 1.
 Set Theory and Set Operations
Basic Set Concepts and
Terminologies
•Example
  6:
State whether each of the following is true (T)
or false (F).
18) is considered an empty set.
19) Given that and , then .
20) If , then .