Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cebu
City of Talisay
TALISAY CITY COLLEGE
Poblacion, Talisay City, Cebu
A.Y.2020-2021, 1st Semester

MATH 104: LOGIC AND SET THEORY

Module Writer Cris Vandy B. Salgarino Department Teacher Education

Teacher Contact No.

Program & Year Credit Units 3
The course is a study of mathematical logic which covers topics such as propositions, logical
operators, rules of replacement, rules of inference, algebra of logic and quantifiers, and
methods of proof. It also includes a discussion of elementary theory of sets such as
Course Description
fundamental concepts of sets, set theorems, set operations, functions and relations. It
prepares the students for higher/advanced mathematics (Number Theory, Linear Algebra,
and Abstract Algebra).
Design a logical reasoning flowchart or Venn diagram validating common school-related
Culminating Outcome
statements or conclusions
Final Unit Outcome Create a flowchart or Venn diagram that distinguish invalid arguments

Student’s Name Curricular Yr.& Sec.

Contact No. Time Allotment 9 hours
Residence Inclusive Date/s

Module 5 Basic Set Theory

CONTENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
❖ Sets At the end of this module, you will …
• Definition ✓ identify the elements of each set operation.
• Types of Sets ✓ translate statements into mathematical symbols.
• Operations ✓ create a Venn diagram of different school-related issues.
❖ Quantifiers
• Definition
• Negation
ENGAGE

HEADS UP!

There is more to mathematics than numbers and arithmetic operations. Mathematical symbols are
also very useful in writing theorems, conjectures, postulates, and proofs in mathematics books.
Symbol Meaning Example:
∪ union
∩ intersection
∀ for all
∃ there exists
∈ “element of” or “belongs to”
" ∋ " or “ : “ or “ | “ such that
⊂ proper subset and superset
⊃ proper superset
⊆ or ⊇ subset or superset
𝑛(𝐴) or |A| number of elements in set A
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝐴) power set of A
∅ or { } null set or empty set
𝕌 universal set Source: Fraleigh, J.B. (2014), A first course in Abstract Algebra. Pearson Education Limited. 7th
ed.
A’ complement of A

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 1 of 9
EXPLORE

SETS

A set is a collection of well-defined objects that contains no

duplicated objects in the set are called the elements of the set.
Examples

1. {The grade 8 students at Balimbing National High School}

Finite Set 2. {Acup, Nehel, Canu, Tegliy, Karob, Ydnav}
3. Z= {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} List Notation/ Roster Method
𝑝
4. 𝑄 = { : 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = 0}
𝑞
Infinite Set 5. 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 8} Rule Method/ Set Builder Notation

A finite set is a set that contains countable and limited elements. The three consecutive dots
represent continuing elements. This indicates infinite number of elements, thus called infinite sets. Infinity can be of
two kinds- countable and uncountable. Example 3 is an example of countable infinite set while example 4 is an
example of uncountable infinite set.
A set can be written in list notation/roster method- the elements are listed inside the braces. A set
can also be written in rule method/set builder notation- the elements are simply described inside the braces.

Check your Understanding!

Complete the table below.

Finite/Infinite Roster Method Set Builder Notation

𝑁 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }
Finite 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 < 8}
𝐴 = { 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, … , 88}

TYPES OF SETS

Equal Sets
Equal sets are sets having exactly the same elements.
Examples:
• {3, 5, 7} = {5, 7, 3} = {7, 5, 3}
• {4, 5} = { 4, 4, 5, 5, 5}
Equivalent Sets
Equivalent sets are sets having equal number of elements.
Example:
• {a, b, c}, {1, 2, 3}, {π, ψ, φ} – all three sets are equivalent.
Universal Sets and Subsets
Universal sets are sets containing all the elements of a certain situation. It is denoted by
𝕌. The subset of a set is a set containing elements of the original set. When the subset contains element/s of the
original set but is not equal to the original set, it is called proper subset. When a subset is equal to the original set, it
is called improper subset.
Examples:
𝕌 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0}, A= {1, 2, 3, 6, 7}, B= { 2, 3, 7}, C= {0, 3, 1, 2, 5, 4, 6, 9, 8, 7}
𝕌 = C, Set A is equal to set C
𝕌
𝕌 ⊆ C, The universal set is an improper subset of set C.
C ⊆ 𝕌, Set C is an improper subset of the universal set. C 04589
A ⊂ 𝕌, Set A is a proper subset of the universal set.
B ⊂ A, Set B is a proper subset of set A.
A 16
B ⊂ 𝕌, Set B is a proper subset of set 𝕌.
B 237

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 2 of 9
 Null Set and Power Set
A null set is a set which does not have any elements, it is also called empty set and denoted
by { } or ∅. A power set is a set containing all possible subsets of the original set and it is denoted by Power (A).
Example:
K = { a, c, 1}
Subsets of K : ∅, {a}, {c}, {1}, {a, c}, {a, 1}, {c, 1}, {a, c, 1}. Null set is a subset of every set.
Power (K) = {∅, {a}, {c}, {1}, {a, c}, {a, 1}, {c, 1}, {a, c, 1}}
Cardinality of the Set
The cardinality of the set is the number of distinct elements of the set. It is denoted by n (A)
or |𝐴| where A is a finite set.
Example:
K = { a, c, 1} n(K) = 3, since there are three elements of the set K.

Check your Understanding!

Complete the table below.

Improper Cardinality
Set Proper Subsets Power Set
Subset of the Set

A = { a,b,c}

B = { 1, 2, 3, 4}

OPERATIONS OF SETS

Union of Sets

The union of sets is an operation of set wherein the elements of two or more sets are
combined. It is denoted by ∪. Union of sets is equivalent to disjunction/ or in logic.
Example:
UNION OF SETS A B
A= { 1, 2, a}, B= { a, 2, c} 1 a 2 c
A ∪ B = {1, 2, a, c}

Intersection of Sets

The intersection of sets is an operation of set wherein only the common elements of two or
more sets are combined. It is denoted by ∩. Intersection of sets is equivalent to conjunction/ and in logic.
Example:
INTERSECTION OF SETS A A∩B B
A= { 1, 2, a}, B= { a, 2, c} A= { 1, 2, 3}, C= { a, b, c}
1 a 2 c
A ∩ B = {2, a} A∩C= ∅

Complement of a Set

The complement of a set is the set of all elements of the universal set except elements of the
set. It is denoted by A’.
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
𝕌
𝕌 = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B= { 1, 4, 6} 𝕌 = { a, b, c, d, e, f}, C= { a, b, c} B
B’ = {2, 3, 5} (𝕌 ∩ C)’ = {d, e, f} 2 3 5 1 4 6

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 3 of 9
 Difference of Sets

The difference of two sets is the set which elements are in the first set but not in the second
set. It is denoted by A\B. It is equivalent to A ∩ B’.
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
A B
A= { 1, 2, a}, B= { a, 2, c} A= { 1, 2, 3}, C= { a, b, c}
A / B = {1} A / C = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑} 1 a 2 c

Check your Understanding!

Complete the table below.

𝕌 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7 8, 9, 0} A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B= {2, 3, 5, 6} C= {9, 8, 7, 0}

(A ∪ B) ∩ C
C’ ∪ (A ∩ B)
(A ∩ B)’ ∪ (B ∩ C’)
(𝕌/A)/B

QUANTIFIERS

Quantifiers are phrases or symbols used to distinguish elements from the domain of a certain
set or function. They are denoted by ∀ and ∃. The symbol ∀ means “for all” or “for every” while ∃ means “there
exists”.
Universal Quantifier
The universal quantifier is denoted by ∀, this means that all elements of the domain or set is
highlighted or pointed out.
Example:
1.) Set of natural numbers or commonly denoted by ℕ.
If a number is a natural number, then for every natural number 2 times the a natural number
added by 1 is always be an odd number or simply “Let x ∈ ℕ, then ∀ x ∈ ℕ, 2x + 1 is odd.” This is read as let x be an
element of natural numbers, then for all x element of natural numbers, 2 times x plus 1 is odd. The domain of the
proposition is all natural numbers.
2.) ∀ x ∈ ℤ ∋ x > 2, 2x - 1 is odd. This is read as for all x element of integral numbers such that x is greater
“element of” “such that” than two, 2x minus 1 is odd. This is considered as function since it can be
written as f(x)=2x-1 wherein the domain of the function is ∀ x ∈ ℤ ∋ x > 2.
Existential Quantifier
The existential quantifier is denoted by ∃. This indicates that there are some elements of the
domain that makes the proposition false or true. It only highlights or points out some elements and not the entire
domain or set.
Example:
1.) There exists an integer x such that 4=x+2.
∃ x ∈ ℤ ∋ 4=x+2. This statement is true since it only indicates that there is an integer and not
all integers. The domain of this function is only x=2.
2.) Some students dislike Mathematics.
Let m(x) be those who like mathematics.
Let D be the set of students.
∃ x ∈ D ∋ ¬m(x).
The Negation of Quantifier

QUANTIFIER NEGATION
Universal Quantifier
Every student is graded. Some students are not graded.
∀ x ∈ 𝑫 ∋ p(x) ∃ x ∈ D ∋ ¬p(x)
Existential Quantifier
Some students are graded. All students are not graded.
∃ x ∈ D ∋ p(x) ∀ x ∈ 𝑫 ∋ ¬p(x)

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 4 of 9
More Examples:

Statements Mathematical Symbols Negation

1.) All bullies are bad students.
Let D be bullies. Some bullies are not bad students.
Let p(x) be bad students. ∀ x ∈ 𝑫 ∋ p(x)
∃ x ∈ D ∋ ¬p(x)

2.) Only one candidate will be the

winner or the loser.
Let D be the candidates.
Let w(x) be the winner.
Let l(x) be the loser.
∀x ∈ D ∋ ¬( w(x) ∨ l(x) )
∀x ∈ D ∋ ¬w(x) ∧ ¬l(x)
∃ x ∈ D ∋ w(x) ∨ l(x)
All candidates will not be the winners and not
be the losers.

3.) For every integer x, 2x-1 is odd.

Let ℤ be integers. ∀ x ∈ ℤ ∋ p(x) ∃ x ∈ ℤ ∋ ¬p(x)
Let p(x) be odd numbers. Or Or
Or ∀ x ∈ ℤ ∋ 2x - 1 is odd ∃ x ∈ ℤ ∋ 2x-1 is even
2x-1 is odd

4.) Every square is a rectangle. ∃ x ∈ Q ∋ ¬( s(x)→r(x) )

Let Q be quadrilaterals. Since the statement is ∃ x ∈ Q ∋ ¬( s(x)∨ ¬r(x) )
Let s(x) be squares. “if and then”, so ∃ x ∈ Q ∋ ¬ s(x) ∧ r(x)
Let r(x) be rectangles. ∀ x ∈ 𝑸 ∋ s(x)→r(x) Some quadrilaterals are not squares but
rectangles.

Let’s Sum It Up!

❖ A set is a collection of well-defined objects.

❖ Objects in the set are called the elements of the set.
❖ A finite set is a set that contains countable and limited elements.
❖ An infinite set is a set that contains either countable or uncountable but limitless
elements.
❖ A set can be written in list notation/roster method wherein the elements are simply listed
inside the braces or in rule method/set builder notation in which the elements are simply
described inside the braces.
❖ Equal sets are sets having exactly the same elements while equivalent sets are sets having
equal number of elements.
❖ Universal sets are sets containing all the elements of a certain situation.
❖ Proper subset is a subset contains element/s of the original set but is not equal to the
original set while improper subset is a subset that is equal to the original set.
❖ A null set or empty set is a set which does not contain any element while the power set is
a set containing all possible subsets of the original set.
❖ The union of sets is an operation of set wherein the elements of two or more sets are
combined while the intersection of sets is an operation wherein only the common
elements of the sets are combined.
❖ The complement of a set is the set of all elements of the universal set except elements of
the set.
❖ The Venn diagram is composed of circles with elements contained in a rectangle and used to
represent and visual sets.
❖ The universal quantifier is denoted by ∀, this means that all elements of the domain or set
is highlighted or pointed out.
❖ The existential quantifier is denoted by ∃. It only highlights or points out some elements
and not the entire domain or set.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 5 of 9
 KNOWLEDGE-BUILDING
Assessment Task 1 Fill in the Table!
Draw a Venn diagram that represents the sets.
Instructions:
Fill in the table with the correct answer.
Venn Diagram:
5 points: Accurate and comprehensive diagram
3 points: Accurate but incomprehensive diagram
0 point: Inaccurate and incomprehensive diagram Your Rating/Total
Basis for Rating: 20
Table: Points
2 points correct answer
1 point slight error in elements.
0 entirely incorrect answer.
Sets:
A = {1, 2, 4, 6, a, b, c, d) B = {3, 5, 7, e, d, f, g} C = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} D = {8, x, y,}

Venn Diagram:
ASSESS

OPERATIONS OF SETS ELEMENTS OF THE SETS

A ∪ B ∪ (B ∩ D)’

(A ∪ B)’ ∩ B ∩ D

(A\B) ∩ (C\D)

[(A ∩ C’) ∪ D] ∩ B

(A\B) ∩ (A ∩ B’)

CRITICAL THINKING
Assessment Task 2 Fill in the Table!
Instructions: Fill in the table correct answers.
Domain and function:
2 points: correct domain and function Your Rating/Total
Basis for Rating: 60
1 point: only the domain or the function is correct. Points
0 point: both are incorrect.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 6 of 9
 Mathematical symbol and Negation
10 points: The statement is accurately translated and
negated.
5 points: The statement is only accurately translated
or negated but not both.
0 point: The statement is both inaccurately
translated and incorrectly negated.
SKILL BOX
Types of Propositions and Connectives
• Identify the quantifiers used in the statements.
• Translate the statement with appropriate logical symbols.
• Simplify the negation of the statement.

Statements Mathematical Negation

Symbols
1.) Each person has a mother and father.

2.) Some integers are even and divisible

by 3.

3.) Every element of set A is an element

of set B.

4.) Every equiangular triangle is

equilateral.

5.) Some students fail and some

students pass.

CREATING
Assessment Task 3 Venn Diagram
Gather common school-related statements.
Instructions: Group them by category or create sets to categorize them.
Create a Venn diagram that represents the statements.
CRITERIA Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement
The statements are Some statements are Most statements are
Practicality very common school- not school-related not school-related
40 related issues. issues. issues.
(40) (6-10) (0-5)
Rubric: The Venn diagram The Venn diagram The Venn diagram
accurately and accurately represents inaccurately and
Accuracy comprehensively the school-related incomprehensively
60 represents the school- issues but represents the school-
related issues. incomprehensive. related issues.
(40) (25-30) (0-20)

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 7 of 9
 School-related Statements:

STAKEHOLDERS
SCHOOL-RELATED ISSUES
INVOLVED

Students

Community

Faculty

Administrator

Parents

Alumni

Venn Diagram:

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 8 of 9
REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS
Tourlakis, G. (2003). Lectures in Logic and Set Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Kurtz, D.C. (1992). Foundations of Abstract Mathematics. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Daligdig, R.M. (2019). Mathematics in the Modern World. Lorimar Publishing Inc.
LEARNING MODULE ENGAGEMENT CHECKLIST
Your feedback matters to us. The following are statements about the module. Please indicate the point to which
each statement characterizes your assessment on module by checking the appropriate box.

YES NO
❖ The module is easy to understand.
❖ The given instructions are clear.
❖ The given tasks are doable.
❖ The given information is complete.
❖ The teacher seeks ongoing feedback.

What is your personal thought on the module? __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

ACADEMIC HONESTY STATEMENT

I confirm that I have read and fully understood the policies of Talisay City College with regards to Academic
Dishonesty, and that I am fully aware of its possible legal and disciplinary consequences.
Student’s
Signature Over Checked by
Printed Name
E-mail Address E-mail Address
Date Submitted Date Received

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 9 of 9