PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi. Iloilo
M a t h 1 0 7 : Modern Geometry (Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry)
Definition and
History of Geometry
Miguel L. Palmares III
October, 2020
PASSI CITY COLLEGE
City of Passi. Iloilo
College Vision:
Passi City College- a Center Of Academic Excellence for Sustainable Development and Social
Transformation.
Mission:
Passi City College is committed to produce globally competent graduates who are well
equipped with relevant scientific, academic, and technological knowledge, skills and values which
enable them to become productive citizens and collaborators of social change.
Goals:
1. Provide undergraduate education and training which meet the standard of quality, excellence,
and responsible to regional, national, and international development needs.
2. Broaden the access of deserving and qualified Filipinos to higher opportunities.
3. Enhance the dissemination of knowledge and skill through research, professional and
technological instruction and provide extensive services.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION (MATHEMATICS)
Program Outcomes:
Graduates of the BSED Major in Mathematics degree program is expected to:
a. Exhibit competence in mathematical concepts and procedures
b. Exhibit proficiency in relating mathematics to other curricular areas
c. Manifest meaningful and comprehensive pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of mathematics
d. Demonstrate competence in designing, constructing, and utilizing different forms of assessment
in mathematics
e. Demonstrate proficiency in problem-solving by creating routine and non-routine problems with
different levels of complexity
f. Use effectively appropriate approaches, methods, and techniques in teaching mathematics
including technological tools
g. Appreciate mathematics as an opportunity for creative work, moments of discovery, and
gaining insights of the world
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Welcome to Modern Geometry!
Passi City College adopted Blended Learning in response to the restrictions brought by the pandemic to
travel and physical interaction. We will be using modular mode of learning, supplemented by virtual
classrooms, in delivering our topics. This module will serve as the main learning material for this semester.
You are expected to complete the tasks included in this module to pass the subject.
You are expected to complete the tasks included in this module to pass the subject. You will be graded
based on the assessment tasks included in the module and the major exam at the end of the semester.
Further instructions will be given in our messenger chat rooms.
Enjoy the course! 😊
Miguel L. Palmares III, MILE
Instructor
Course Description
This course introduces the students to historical evolution of geometrical concepts and Euclidean
geometry. It also includes the discussion of geometries- Euclidean, NonEuclidean, and finite- with emphasis on
the appropriate postulates and postulational method
During and at the end of the semester, a graduate student must have:
1. used varied experiences that enforce and extend logical reasoning skills to constructing proofs,
including direct and indirect proofs, to mathematical assertions;
2. developed an understanding of an axiomatic system through investigating and comparing various
geometries;
3. identified described, compared, and classified geometric figures and represented problem situations
with geometric models;
4. showed appreciation of geometry as means of describing the physical world by taking notice of things
seen everyday
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Module 1
Overview
In this module, you will learn the history and definitions of geometry. We will discuss Euclid’s axioms
and postulates, as well as Playfair’s parallel postulate.
Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, the students should have:
learned the history and definitions of Modern Geometry
familiarized the early geometers
learned Euclid’s axioms and postulates
learned Playfair’s parallel postulate
proved geometry statements using axioms and postulates
Course Content: Introduction to Advance Statistics
1. Definition and History of Geometry
2. Early Geometers
3. Euclidean Geometry as a Deductive Science
4. Some Flaws in Euclid’s Assumption
Negation of Parallel Postulate
Activity Description Time to Complete
1. Discuss brief history and definition of geometry 15 minutes
2. Introduce early geometers 15 minutes
3. Explain geometry as a deductive science 15 minutes
4. Discuss Euclid’s axioms and postulates 30 minutes
5. Discuss flaws of Euclid’s assumptions 30 minutes
6. Solve Euclid’s fifth postulate using Plafair’s postulate 40 minutes
7. Assessment 35 minutes
Deadline of the module is on : Monday, October 16, 2020 at 11:59pm
Definition and History of Geometry
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Egyptians’ geometry (study of properties and relations of figures with themselves and with each
other; used geometric facts for surveying and construction; but no evidence that they could generalize these
facts to some theorems OR even make a proof for this.
Greek Geometry (used proofs; many new ideas were discovered; thus these need to be
consolidated/need tying together/synthesized)
Please watch this video:
Geometry - Basic Definitions - Part 1 | Origin of Geometry | Don't Memorise
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CrIdJKo0whs
Try it Now 1
1. Explain how geometry is used in ancient civilizations and how it is used today.
Early Geometers
Pythagoras
Pythagoras, one of the most famous and controversial
ancient Greek philosophers, lived from ca. 570 to ca. 490
BCE. He discovered that a complete system of
mathematics could be constructed, where geometric
elements corresponded with numbers, and where integers
and their ratios were all that was necessary to establish an
entire system of logic and truth.
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Archimedes
Archimedes proved, among many other geometrical results, that
the volume of a sphere is two-thirds the volume of a
circumscribed cylinder. This he considered his most significant
accomplishments, requesting that a representation of
a cylinder circumscribing
Plato a sphere be inscribed on his tomb.
Euclid
He organized logically the facts and created “The Elements”
around 300 B.C. The Elements is one of the most influential books in
mathematics and, with the exception of the Bible, the most widely
studied book in history.
He was a teacher of mathematics in Alexandria and the founder of
the Alexandrian School of Mathematics. He is the teacher of
Pythagoras
Euclidean Geometry as a Deductive Science
From few basic assumptions, and few definitions, He proceeded to prove more than 400 theorems,
separated in 13 books. The ELEMENTS was used as a model for “Deductive Reasoning”
Axioms
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.
2. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal.
3. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
5. The whole is greater than the part.
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Please watch this video.
Euclid's Geometry - Axioms - Part 1 | Don't Memorise
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6R4MHB2wlM
Postulates of Euclid (From J. Smart)
1. A straight line can be drawn joining any two points.
2. A finite straight line can be produced continuously in a straight line.
3. A circle may be described with any point as center and any distance as a radius.
4. All right angles are equal to one another.
Please watch this video!
Euclid’s First Four Postulates | Euclid's Postulates | Don't Memorise
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Euclid%27s+Geometry+-+Axioms+-+Part+1+%7C+Don
%27t+Memorise
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Some Definitions of Euclid
• A point is that which has no part.
• A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points on itself.
• When a straight line set up on a straight line makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each
of the equal angles is right, and the straight line standing on the other is called perpendicular in
which it stands.
Postulates
• 5. If a transversal falls on two lines in such a way that the interior angles on one side of the
transversal are less than two right angles, then the lines meet on that side on which the angles are less than
two right angles.
The fifth postulate is equivalent to what is known as the parallel postulate.
Parallel Postulate
(Playfair’s Version)
• Through a point not on the line, there exist a unique line parallel to the given line.
Please watch this video!
Euclid's 5th Axiom and Playfair's Axiom
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBI-RyA0loc
Try it Now 1
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Explain briefly how Playfair’s axiom proved Euclid’s 5 th axiom.
Some Flaws in Euclid’s Assumption
Need a definite statement about the
• continuity of lines and circles
• infinity of a line
• Order of points on the line
• Uniqueness of a line containing two points
• Fact that when a line enters the triangle at the vertex, then it intersects the opposite sides
Many tried to correct the flaws and attempted to improve the ELEMENTS paving the way for the Birth of Non-
Euclidean Geometries (grew out of the attempt to prove the 5th postulate).
Hyperbolic Geometry
Hyperbolic geometry is the geometry you
get by assuming all the postulates of Euclid,
except the fifth one, which is replaced by
its negation.
Elliptic Geometry
Elliptic geometry is a non-Euclidean
geometry with positive curvature which
replaces the parallel postulate with the
statement "through any point in the plane,
there exist no lines parallel to a given line."
Negation of Parallel Postulate
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
Through a point not on the line, there exists more than one line parallel to the given line. (Hyperbolic
Geometry Postulate)
Through a point not on the line, there exists no line parallel to the given line. (Elliptic
Geometry Postulate)
Summary of Topics
Definition and History of Geometry
Early Geometers
Euclidean Geometry as a Deductive Science
Some Flaws in Euclid’s Assumption
Negation of Parallel Postulate
Assessment Tasks
1. The beauty of Geometry is also seen in Art. Many works of renowned artists like Leonard da Vinci and
M.C. Escher showed mesmerizing geographical patterns. Show your artistic side and create your own
geometric design.
2. Explain mathematically or create your own illustration of the following Axioms
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.
2. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal.
3. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
5. The whole is greater than the part.
“The best way to predict your future is to create it.”
-Abraham Lincoln
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Math 114- Modern Geometry Module 1
