“THE PARALLEL POSTULATE”

Prepared by: Bonaobra, Stephanie

WHAT IS A POSTULATE ?

 POSTULATE
is a statement that is accepted as true without having formally proved. Postulates in
mathematics are usually easy to accept as true using simple mathematical reasoning. This
is why they don’t need to be proven formally. Postulates are generally the starting point
for proving theorems.
 THEOREMS
a mathematical statement of some importance that has been proven to be true. Theorem
shown to be true by using proofs.
• ️PARALLEL ▶️it is lying or moving in the same direction but
always the same distance apart.
Which is parallel and which is not ?

A B

C
THE PARALLEL POSTULATE
• If a straight line falling on two straight
lines make the interior angles on the
same side less than two right angles,
the two straight lines, if produced
indefinitely, meet on that side on
which are the angles less than the
two right angles.
Parallel postulate states that if a straight
line intersects two straight lines forming
two interior angles on the same side that
add up to less than 180 degrees, then the
two lines, if extended indefinitely, will
meet on that side on which the angles add
up to less than 180 degrees.
PARALLEL POSTULATE EXAMPLE
• The fastest way to understand the
Parallel Postulate is to set up some
line segments. Use uncooked
spaghetti. Take two strands and
arrange them a bit apart from each
other but leaning toward each other.
Lay a third strand across the first two.
You see you have created eight
angles at the two intersections.
• Look at the same-side interior • Interior
️ angles▶️
are the angles
angles toward the close ends formed when a transversal
of spaghetti. The sum of both crosses two other lines. These
same-side interior angles is are angles inside or between
less than 180°, so Euclid is the lines.
saying the lines represented by
the first two spaghetti strands
will, if extended, eventually
meet.
• TRANSVERSAL
️ LINE ▶ ️is
defined as a line that passes
through two lines in the same
plane at two distinct points in the
geometry.
▶️Transversal cuts across two or
more lines. The prefix “trans”
means “across”.
HOW CAN ANYONE BE SURE THAT LINES ARE
PARALLEL , IF LINES GO ON FOREVER ??.
EUCLID’S PARALLEL POSTULATE ALLOWS THAT TRANSVERSAL TO
CREATE MANY DIFFERENT ANGLES AS IT CUTS ACROSS THE TWO
LINES, BUT IT ALL BOILS DOWN TO ONLY THREE POSSIBILITIES:

▶️ ️The lines are not parallel and

two same-side interior angles
are less than 180°; the lines
will eventually meet on that
side of the transversal.
▶️The lines are not parallel and
two same-side interior angles
are greater than 180°; the lines
will never meet on that side of
the transversal.
• ▶️The lines are parallel and
any two same-side interior
angles will be equal to 180°;
the lines will never meet.
As long as the two interior angles on the same side of the transversal
are less than 180° (less than two right angles), the lines will meet.
That allows the transversal to even be at a right angle to one of the
lines, with the other line creating an acute angle.
• Such a situation will create a triangle of the two lines and their
transversal, which connects directly to the Pythagorean Theorem.
THE ANGLE RELATIONSHIP FORMED
BETWEEN PARALLEL LINES AND
TRANVERSAL . ..
PARALLEL LINES
CUT BY A
TRANSVERSAL
TRANSVERSAL ANGLES

 Our transversal OW
created eight angles
where it crossed BE and
AR. These are called
supplementary angles.
SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES

Supplementary angles are pairs of angles that add up to 180°.

Because all straight lines are 180°, we know ∠Q and ∠S are
supplementary (adding to 180°). Together, the two supplementary
angles make half of a circle.
In this example, the supple
mentary are QS,QT,TU,SU
and VX,VY,YZ,VZ.
INTERIOR ANGLES

Drawing also has four interior angles, or angles inside (between)

the parallel lines: ∠T, ∠U, ∠V and ∠X.
VERTICAL ANGLES

• Angles in your transversal drawing that share the same vertex are called vertical
angles. Do not confuse this use of “vertical” with the idea of straight up and
down.
• When two parallel lines are
crossed by a transversal you
get four pairs of vertical angles
Q and U, S and T , V and Z, Y and Z.
CORRESPONDING ANGLES

• The two parallel lines are creating corresponding angles. To be corresponding

angles they must be on the same side of the transversal and one angle must be
interior and the other exterior.
• Notice that angle Q is congruent to
• angle V. ∠Q is an exterior angle on
the left side of transversal OW. And
∠V is an interior angle on the same
Side of the transversal line.
ALTERNATING ANGLES

• Alternating angles are pairs of angles in which both angles are either
interior or exterior. They appear on opposite sides of the transversal and
are congruent
• . The four pairs of alternating
• Angles in our drawing are:
∠V and ∠U (interior)∠X and ∠T
∠Q and ∠Z (exterior)∠Y and ∠S
• What happens when two non parallel lines are cut
by a transversal??
When two non parallel lines are intersected by their transversal,
four interior angles are formed geometrically but every two of them
are appeared opposite sides at the intersection of the non parallel
lines by their transversal line. Hence, two pairs of alternate interior
angles are formed by the intersection.
Pair of alternate interior angles are not
equal. It is mainly due to the involvement
of non parallel lines in the intersection
with their transversal line.
CORRESPONDING ANGLES FORMED BY NON
PARALLEL LINES AND TRANSVERSAL .
For non parallel lines , if a transversal intersects them , then the
corresponding angles formed doesn’t have any relation with each
other. They are not equal as in the case of parallel lines but all are
corresponding to each other.
In the same , there is no relationship between the interior angles,
exterior angles , vertical angles and conscutive angles , in the case
of the intersection of two non parallel lines by a transversal .
If the transversal intersects two non parallel lines , the resulting
angles are not congruent and have no relationship.
No matter the combination of lines, transversals, and same-side
interior angles, Euclid’s Parallel Postulate holds true. Only in the
special case of parallel lines will a transversal of any angle create
four interior angles such that two same-side interior angles are
equal to 180°.
THANK
YOU !!