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Solar Activity
• The Sun’s magnetic field disturbs the solar
atmosphere periodically and causes new features
to appear in a process called solar activity.
• Sunspots are cooler areas
that form on the surface of
the photosphere due to
magnetic disturbances,
which appear as dark spots.
The Sun
Solar Activity
Solar Activity Cycle
– The number of sunspots changes regularly, and on
average reaches a maximum number every 11.2 years.
– The length of the solar activity cycle is 22.4 years.
• The solar activity cycle starts with minimum spots
and progresses to maximum spots.
• The Sun’s magnetic field then reverses in polarity,
and the spots start at a minimum number and
progress to a maximum number again.
• The magnetic field then switches back to the original
polarity and completes the solar activity cycle.
Maximum Minimum
Solar Activity The Sun
– When these
particles reach
Earth, they can
interfere with
communications
and damage
satellites.
A prominence,
sometimes
associated with
flares, is
an arc of gas
that is ejected
from the
chromosphere,
or gas that
condenses in
the inner
corona and
rains back to
the surface.
The Sun
Solar Activity
Impact on Earth
– Some scientists have found evidence of subtle climate
variations within 11-year periods.
– There were severe weather changes on Earth during the
latter half of the 1600s when the solar activity cycle
stopped and there were no sunspots for nearly 60 years.
– Those 60 years were known as the “Little Ice Age”
because the weather was very cold in Europe and North
America during those years.
The Sun
I. Asteroids
• Asteroids comprise the thousands and thousands
of bodies that orbit the Sun within the planetary
orbits that are leftovers from the formation of the
solar system.
• Asteroids range from a
few kilometers to
about 1000 km in
diameter and have
pitted, irregular
surfaces.
• Most asteroids are
located between the
orbits of Mars and
Jupiter within the
Formation of Our Solar System
I. Asteroids
Pieces of Asteroids
– As the asteroids orbit, they occasionally collide and
break into fragments.
• A meteoroid is a
asteroid fragment or
any other
interplanetary material
that falls toward Earth
and enters Earth’s
atmosphere.
• A meteor is the streak of light produced when a
meteoroid burns up in Earth’s atmosphere.
In the early
morning of the
3rd of november
2007 a meteor
hit Eslöv, known
as the most
boring town of
Sweden. It was
an unexpected
event that was
witnessed only
by a few.
• A meteorite is part of a meteoroid, that does not completely
burn up, that collides with the ground.
Look!
Meteorites!
This image, one of the closest taken of comet Hartley 2 by NASA's EPOXI mission, shows
jets from the comet's surface. Analysis shows that dry ice sublimating from the comet
causes the fuzzy appearance.
Formation of Our Solar System
Comets
The Orbits of Comets
– When a comet nears the sun in its highly eccentric orbit,
it begins to evaporate and form a head and one or
more tails.
– The coma is an extended
volume of glowing gas
flowing from a comet’s head.
– The nucleus of a comet is
the
small solid core that releases
gases and dust particles that
form the coma and tails
when it is heated.
Changes to a comet:
1a. Seen as a star
1b. Coma grows
1c. Tail grows & ALWAYS faces AWAY from the sun.
1d. Tail fades
1e. Coma shrinks
1f. Coma vanished.
Comets Formation of Our Solar System
Periodic Comets
– Comets that repeatedly orbit into the inner solar system
are known as periodic comets.
– Meteor showers occur when Earth intersects a
cometary orbit and numerous particles from the comet
burn up upon entering Earth’s upper atmosphere.
– Most meteors are
caused by dust
particles from comets,
while most
meteorites, the solid
chunks of rock or Leo
reach that
metal Earth’s surface,
are fragments of
asteroids.
Leonids
Comets and Meteors ( 4 min)
Solar Storm Alert 2012 - Discovery Channel: 19 minutes