Chapter 1

Computer Systems and

Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
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 Computer Systems

Computer systems = Hardware + Software

Hardware – Physical components/devices

Software – Computer programs with instructions

that perform a particular task based on the
hardware

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 Computer Hardware
Components CPU
- interprets and executes
Input Device instructions
Central Processing Unit
Main Memory
Arithmetic Control
Logic Unit
`
Unit - store data and
Output Device instructions
- 1 byte = 8 bits
`

Registers
Input Device
Secondary Storage - mouse, keyboard, etc.
`

Output Device
Main Memory
- printer, monitor, etc.
Secondary Storage
- permanent
- floppy disks, hard disks,
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CDs
 Computer Software

Utility Programs
Language Translators Application Software Application
(E.g. Assemblers, (E.g. Word Processors,
(E.g. Editors)
Compilers, Interpreters) Database Systems, etc.) Software

System Software
Operating Systems
(E.g. Unix, MS-DOS, Windows 95, etc.)
-Operating
Systems
-Utility Programs
-Language
Hardware Translators

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 Computer Memory

Memory
Address
Memory Cells
1000 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
1001 Content of
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1002
memory
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1003
1004
To store program
1005
instructions and
1006
1007
data
1008
1009

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 Chapter 1
Computer Systems and
Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
6
 Operating Systems and Linux
• An operating system is a collection of programs
that coordinates the operation of computer
hardware and software.
• The Linux operating system is Unix-like and is
one of the most popular operating systems
nowadays.
• Creator: Linus Torvalds in 1991
• Linux Online:
– http://www.linux.org/
• Also look at the faq (frequently asked questions)
– http://www.linux.org/info/faq1.html#faq.q1
• Lab 1 will give you some practices on using Linux.
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The Linux File System
 
• A file system is a collection of files.

• A file is usually stored on a disk.

• Files can be grouped into directories and organized

into a hierarchical directory structure.

• The top of this hierarchical directory structure is called

the root directory.

• The Home directory is the directory assigned to you.

• The path name of a file enables you to identify a file

uniquely to the Unix file system.
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Working with Files
 
 
• To list the files in a directory: ($ - command
prompt)
 
$ls
 
• To examine the contents of a file:
 
(1) $cat file1
 
(2) $more file1

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• To make a copy of a file:
 
$cp file1 file1.backup
 
 
• To rename a file:
 
$mv file1 newFile1
 
• To remove a file:
 
$rm rubbish
 

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Working with Directories
 
• To display your working directory:
 
$pwd
 
• To create a directory:
 
$mkdir lab1
 
• To change directory:
 
$cd lab1
$cd /home/user1/hp123456/lab2
$cd ..
11
 
• To copy a file from one directory to another:
 
$cp program.java lab1
 
• To move a file from one directory to another:
 
$mv program.java lab1
 
• To remove a directory:
 
$rmdir dir1

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 Chapter 1
Computer Systems and
Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
13
 Computer Programming
• Computer Programs
– Set of step-by-step instructions
– Perform a specific task to solve a problem
public class HelloStudents {
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(“Hello Students”);
}
}

– Examples: Computer games, word processors,

web browsers, database systems, etc
• Computer programming is to design and
implement computer programs
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 Computer Programming
Learning computer programming is just like learning a
new language such as Japanese, Chinese, Malay, etc.
Add 2 to
3
???

Human language Computer

A programming language defines a set of instructions
(with specific format) that can be given to a computer.
Two important issues on writing programs:
(1) Program syntax – like English grammar
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(2) Program logic – in order to understand the contents
 Programming Languages
Computer programs are written in programming
languages - closest to natural language English
- source code is portable
- e.g. C, C++, Pascal, Java, etc.
High-Level Language - compilers/interpreters translate
HLL into machine code
- more or less human readable
Assembly Language - not portable (hardware dependent)
- assembler assembles AL into
machine executable code
Machine Language - more natural language for
hardware
- bits in 0s and 1s
Hardware 16
- not portable (hardware dependent)
 Translator, Interpreter and Compiler
Compilers
- converts HLL
J Translator programs into ML
- translation is off-line,
High Level Machine
Language Language
not at runtime

O
Execute the
object code
Interpreters
S Compiler
- translation is on-line
Source Code Object Code - HLL programs can
be executed directly
S Interpreter Execute the
interpreted
Source Code
code NB: compiled code
can be executed
faster 17
 Chapter 1
Computer Systems and
Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
18
 High-Level Programming
• Procedural or Structured Programming
- COBOL, Pascal, C, etc.
- Algorithm, task driven – “How does?”

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

- C++, Java
- Paradigms, object driven – “What is?”
- Three Design Principles:
 Encapsulation
 Polymorphism
 Inheritance
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OOP: Objects

Characteristics:
– Identity
– State
– Behaviour

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 OOP: Classes

Identity
• machine serial number
State/Properties
• color, max speed, etc.
Behavior/Methods
• turn, brake, accelerate

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 OOP: Encapsulation

OBJECT

Brake Method
Apply Brake

Colour
Max Speed
….

Accelerate
Method
Apply Accelerate

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 OOP: Composite Objects

Is a Car a Complex Object?

Yes, it’s an object that is made up of other objects!

- Wheels, Seats, Chassis, Exhaust, Steering Wheel, etc, etc...
And… a wheel itself is also a complex object!
- Tire, Trim, Hub Cap, etc, etc... 23
 Why OOP?
• Save development time by reusing code
- We can reuse an object class once that is
created

• Easier debugging
- Classes can be tested independently
- Reused objects have already been tested

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 Chapter 1
Computer Systems and
Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
25
Take a break…want a cup of
coffee?

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 Java – A Brief History
• James Gosling, Sun Microsystems
Inc., 1991
• Originally a language for
programming embedded consumer
electronic applications
• Initially named as Oak. Then
changed to Java after visiting a
local coffee shop Why OAK?
Because, while trying to think
• In 1995 – Java is a language for of a name, James Gosling
developing Internet applications looked out of his office
window and saw an oak tree!
• Now – one of the most important
general-purpose programming
languages
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 Java 2 Platform
 
• Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE)
– for developing client side standalone applications or
applets
• Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE)
– for developing client side applications or servlets
• Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME)
– for developing applications for mobile devices such as
smart phones

We use the Standard Edition Version 5.0 (or

J2SE 5.0), Java Development Kit 5.0 (also known
as JDK 1.5).
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 Why Java Programming?
 

• Java is object-oriented
• Java is simple
• Java is robust and readable
• Java is portable
• Java is secure and distributed
• Java is easy to learn
• Java has many useful features
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 Java Program Translation
Source Code

Both compilation and interpretation

c
Compiler

Java source code compiled

Java Virtual Machine
(Byte Code) into Java byte code for JVM

Java Interpreter Java Interpreter Java Interpreter

(Windows) (Unix/Linux) (Macintosh)

Interpreter translates
from byte code into
hardware-specific
IBM PC UNIX/Linux Macintosh
machine code
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 Applets vs Java Applications
 
• Java Applets
• Java programs to be downloaded via the Internet
• Relatively small programs
• Need a web browser
• Java Applications
• Standalone programs
• Generally larger applications
• Only slight difference in programming, this
course focuses on Java applications

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 Chapter 1
Computer Systems and
Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
32
 Development of a Java Program
Keyboard

Text Editor Step1: Write the Java source code

Source Code File Syntax Errors

Compiler

Step2: Compile the Java source code

Byte Code File

Java Virtual
Machine

Execute the
Step3: Run the compiled Java code or class file
interpreted
codes

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Java Development Environment (JDE)
(1) Use Java Development Kit (JDK) from Sun
Microsystems (Version 1.5)

(2) Java Development Environment

• JGRASP : http://www.jGRASP.com/
• JCreator
• BlueJ
• NetBeans from Sun Microsystems
• JBuilder from Borland
• etc.

In Labs – you will use the Linux operating System, and

standard editors will be used for creating Java programs.
However, you are free to use JDE in your lab or at home.
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 Chapter 1
Computer Systems and
Java Programming
• Computer Systems
• Operating Systems and Linux
• Computer Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Java Programming
• Development of a Java Program
• Writing My First Java Program
35
 My First Java Application Program
Step1: Write the Java source code into the file Filename:
HelloStudents.java (must be ClassName.java)

/*
Purpose: A sample program to print a message “Hello
Students!” On the screen.
Author: S.C. Hui
Date: 30 July 2006
*/
public class HelloStudents { // begin class
public static void main(String[] args) { // main method
System.out.println("Hello Students!"); // statement
} // end method
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} // end class
 Comments
Three ways to write comments:

(1)
/* multiple line comment
This is the first comment
This is the second comment
Will manly use these
This is the third comment
two types of
*/
comments
(2)
// single line comment
Mainly used for
(3)
documentation
/** javadoc comment */
purpose 37
 Class Definition

Java program consists of at least one class.

public class HelloStudents { // begin class

// class body
} // end class

public class – reserved keywords

HelloStudents - class name

Class body is enlosed by { …}

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 The main() Method
For every Java application, it must contain a main() method.
Java applications start execution from the main() method.

public class HelloStudents { // begin class

public static void main(String[ ] args) { // main method
System.out.println("Hello Students!"); // statement
} // end method
} // end class

public static void – reserved keywords

main - method name
String[ ] args – method arguments
main method body is enclosed by { …}
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 Statements
A statement is a command to the computer.
A statement may be
• a simple statement
• a compound statement
A simple statement is one statement terminated by a
semicolon. A compound statement is a sequence of one
or more statements enclosed in braces. E.g.,
  {
statement_1;
statement_2;
...
statement_N;
}
Each of the statement_i can be a simple or a compound
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statement.
Using Methods from Other Classes
The HelloStudents.java program uses the method
println() from the class System.out for displaying the
text messages.

public class HelloStudents { // begin class

public static void main(String[ ] args) { // main method
System.out.println("Hello Students!"); // statement
} // end method
} // end class

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 Compiling My First Java Program
Step 2: To compile your program
Type:
  $javac HelloStudents.java
 
where javac is JDK Java compiler

$ is the command prompt

The compiler translates the source code into byte

code and saves it into the file HelloStudents.class

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 Executing My First Java Program
Step 3: To run the byte code with the Java
interpreter
Type: $java HelloStudents
Memory

This program does

not have input Byte Code Central
Processing
Unit
Input Data
Only has
Keyboard Output Results output
Hello
Students!
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jGRASP – Hello Students using Console I/O

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Hello Students using Message Dialog Box

Using
JOptionPane

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 Key Terms
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• main memory
• hardware, software
• Assembly language vs High-level language
• Compiler vs Interpreter
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
• Java Byte code instructions
• Java Development Environment (JDE)
• Java Development Toolkit (JDK)
• .java file, .class file
• java command, javac command
• Class definition
• main method
• comment
• statement 46
 Review Question

File name: MyFirstProgram.java

Line 1 : public class MyFirstExe {
Line 2 : public void main(String args) {
Line 3 : System.out.println(“Java is easy!!”)
Line 4 : }
Line 5 : }

Is there any error in the program? Write your answers:

Line 1 :
Line 2 :
Line 3 :
Line 4 :
Line 5 :

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 Further Reading

• Read Chapter 1 on “Computer Systems and Java

Programming” of the textbook.
• Read the “Tutorials for JGRASP Integrated
Development Environment” – Available at

http://www.jGRASP.com/

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