ELECTRONICS II

UNIT III - PART II

OPERATING SYSTEM FUNDAMENTALS
Operating Systems
HARD DISK
RAM
PROCESSOR IC (CPU)
 Content
 What is an Operating System
 Different services of the operating system
 Kernel
 Booting
 Multitasking
 Introduction to computer
 Computer systems typically contain:
Hardware and Software

Hardware - Electronic, Mechanical,

Optical devices

Software – Set of Programs

Computer System
Components
1. Hardware – Provides basic computing
resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).

2. Operating system – Controls and coordinates

the use of the hardware among the various
application programs for the various users.

3. Users (people, machines, other computers).

Computer System Architecture
 What is an Operating System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
  Abstract View of System
OS-An interface between Hardware and
User Programs
Computer
Computer
Hardware
Hardware

Operating
OperatingSystem
System

System
Systemand
andApplication
ApplicationPrograms
Programs
compiler assembler Text editor Database system

Compiler: A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that converts

source code written in a programming language into object code written in
machine language(Binary).

Assembler: A computer program which converts assembly language in to

machin language.
 Operating System Definition

An operating system can be

viewed as a set of software programs
normally supplied along with the
hardware for the effective & easy
use of the machine
OS Benefits (Arbitrator: One having the
ability or power to make authoritative decisions)

1) Provision of security/confidentiality
of information to users
2) Elimination of duplicate efforts by
hundreds of programmers in
developing tedious & complicated
routines
DIFFERENT SERVICES OF OS

1) Information Management

2) Process Management

3) Memory Management
 Information Management

Set of services used for storing , retrieving,

modifying or removing the information on
various devices.
Functions:
Organization of information in terms of
directories & files.
Allocating & deallocating the sectors to various
files.
Maintaining access controls
Driving various devices.
System calls
System call is how a program requests a service from an
operating system's kernel.

1) Create a file
2) Open a file
3) Close a file
4) Create a directory
5) Create a link
6) Change working directory etc.
 Process Management
1) Keeps track of all the competing processes
2) Schedules the programs(Sequence)
3) Dispatch the program (run or execute)

System calls
1) Read a process
2) Dispatch a process
3) Suspend a process
4) Terminate a process
5) Delay a process etc.
Process Concept
 Process - a program in execution

PROCESS:
A program under execution which
competes for the CPU time & other
resources.
 Memory Management
1) Keep track of Memory

2) Allocation/ De allocation of memory to various processes

3) Performs Address translation

 KERNEL
 OS is complicated software (Large in size)
 All the time the total OS can not be saved in
main memory(RAM) so it is divided in to 2
parts
1) Essential routines which are required very
often & almost all the time.(Vital portion of
OS: KERNEL i.e. Heart of OS)
2) Routines that required sometimes or less
frequently.
KERNEL CONT…

KERNEL Other Routines

from Hard Disk

Other OS routines if required

or other A/P

A/P

RAM
BOOTING
The loading of the OS is achieved by a special
program called BOOT & the process is called Booting.

BOOT
1) The h/w loads
the boot routine
automatically
Memory

RAM
HDD

KERNEL
2) The BOOT
routine loads
the rest of OS
Memory

RAM
HDD
 BOOTING

 BOOT is saved in 1 or 2 sectors on the Hard

Disk(Boot Block).
 After turning ON computer control is

transferred to the small program in ROM

automatically by hardware.
 This program loads boot program in RAM.
 Boot program when executed loads kernel in

RAM
 MULTITASKING
START
While Not End While do
Read a record;
Process a record;
Write XYZ Data;
End while
End
Multitasking Cont……

START
While Not End While do
Task-1-Begin
Read a record; TASK 1
Process a record;
Task -1-End
Task -2-Begin
TASK 2
Write XYZ Data
Task -2-End
End while
End