Unit 4 Tire Characteristics

Prof. Praveen P. Rathod

Praveen.rathod@viit.ac.in
Department of Mechanical Engineering

BRACT’S, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune-48

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)

(NBA and NAAC accredited, ISO 9001:2015 certified)
 Objective`

•To make the student conversant with fundamentals of automobile

systems.
•To develop competencies in performance analysis of vehicles.
•To make the student conversant with automobile safety, and vehicle
Standard.

Learning Outcome/Course Outcome

•Analyse the tire ride properties for better vehicle performance.

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Syllabus:
• Tire – types, axis system, mechanics of pneumatic tires -
tire forces and moments, rolling resistance of tires,
tractive (braking) effort and longitudinal slip (skid),
cornering properties of tires, performance of tires on
wet surfaces, ride properties of tires.

11/08/21
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48
Who Invented The First Pneumatic Tire?

• John Dunlop in 1887

• 1890 he began the
Dunlop Rubber Co in
Dublin Ireland

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What Tires Are Made Of…

• Raw Rubber • Carbon Black

• Steel • Synthetic Rubber
• Nylon • Fiberglass
• Polyester • Aramid
• Rayon • Brass

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

 What Is Pneumatic Tire?

• One that is filled with

compressed air
• All tires manufactured
today are considered
Pneumatic tires.
• First device to damped
road shock

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

Why
Why are
are Tires
Tires Black?
Black?
••To
To protect
protect the
the rubber
rubber
from
from the
the harmful
harmful UVUV
rays.
rays.
••AAcommon
common type type of
of UV
UV
stabilizer
stabilizer called
called aa
competitive
competitive absorber
absorber isis
added
added to to capture
capture andand
absorb
absorb these
these harmful
harmful
UV
UV light
light wave
wave energy.
energy.

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48
Tyre Construction

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48
 Tyre Tread Designs

Tyres generally fall into one of the following categories:

• Directional
• Non-directional
• Symmetric and Asymmetric.

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Tyre Tread Patterns

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Tyre Classification

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

 Bias
Bias Ply
Ply Tire(Cross-ply)
Tire(Cross-ply)

• The cord angle is

also reversed from
ply to ply.
• Tread is bonded
directly to the top ply.
• A bias ply tire has
plies running at an
angle from bead to
bead.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

 Belted Bias Tire
• Is a bias tire with
belts added to
increase tread
stiffness.
• These belts are also
ran at a different
angle.
• These belts only lie
on the tread area and
not on the side walls,
like cords.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

 Radial Ply Tire
• Has plies running
straight across from
bead to bead with
stabilizer belts lying
directly beneath the
tread.
• This results in the
radial having flexible
side wall, but a stiff
tread.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, VIIT , Pune-48

Tire Cutaway
Tire Sidewall Info
Tire Size

•
Load Index
P195/60R15 87S - The load index (87) is the tire size's
assigned numerical value used to compare relative load
carrying capabilities. In the case of our example the 87
identifies the tires ability to carry approximately 1,201
pounds.
The higher the tire's load index number, the greater its load
carrying capacity.
89 = 1,279 pounds
88 = 1,235 pounds
87 = 1,201 pounds
86 = 1,168 pounds
85 = 1,135 pounds
Speed Rating

Rating Maximum Speed

Q 99 mph
S 112 mph
T 118 mph
U 124 mph
H 130 mph
V 149 mph
W 168 mph
Y 186 mph
Z Above 149 mph
 TIRE GRADING
Tread Wear – Tire life
expectations
– 100 is base line, 150 is 50%
better
Traction Rating – Braking
capabilities
– A, B, C designations
Temp. Rating – Ability to
withstand extreme heat
– A, B, C designations
 Tire Pressure
• Should be check monthly
• Should be checked cold
• For every 10° Fahrenheit change in air temperature, your tire's inflation
pressure will change by about 1 psi
• The EPA says your mileage drops 1% for every 2 pounds under the
recommended tire pressure.

                   
 Tire Pressure Placard
• Use the tire pressure recommended in your vehicle's
owner's manual or tire information placard
Effects of Low Tire Pressure
Over Inflation
Effects of Low Tire Pressure
Under Inflation
Effects of Mismatched Tires

• Different Manufactures
• Different sizes
• New and/or used tires
• Effects on speedometer
• Effects on ABS/Traction Control Systems
• Effects on vehicle handling
Cupping
Bulge
Chunk Outs
Cracks
Side Wear & Feathering
Static Balance

• Equals out wheel tramp

 Dynamic Balance

Equals out wobble

 Tire Pull
• Defective/damaged tires
• Bent wheel (rim)
• Excessive shoulder wear
• Excessive feathering
Tire Pressure Monitoring
• Warns of significant lose of tire pressure
• First used on 1994 Corvette
• All cars & LD Trucks must have TP system by 2008
• Two types: Direct and Indirect
Direct TP Warning System
• Computer controlled (BCM) w/ radio transmitters in wheels
(pressure sensors)
• Transmits actual TP of each tire
• Displays on IPC
• Diagnostic capabilities
 Indirect TP Warning System
• ABS based system, using existing ABS hardware, w/
software mods
• Changes in TP affect tire circumference, affecting tire speed
• Sensors monitor each wheels speed, compairs to one
another
• Approx. 7 psi difference to trigger warning
 Run Flat Tires

• Temp. supports
weight of vehicle with
no air pressure
• Internal support,
thicker side walls,
stronger beads.
• Can maintain Mobility
for 50 miles up to 55
mph
The End for this tire