BK2001

BASIC KNOWLEDGE
OF
TIRES

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 CONTENTS

 Definition
 Making
 Specification (Belshina)
 Application
 Usage Instruction
 Maintenance
 History
 Storage
 Recommendation
 About Belshina

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 Tire History (2006 Tire Society Conference)
Why are Tires So Important?
• Vehicle Dynamics encompasses
– Acceleration and Braking
– Cornering (Handling)
– Ride
• Tires
– The primary source of vehicle control
forces 1901 Mabley
– Primary interest of vehicle dynamicists 1 in the front
1 in back
A brief History of Vehicle Dynamics 1 on each side
• 100+ years of history
• First engineers dealt with rudimentary
question
– E.g. – Where to put the wheels?
3 wheels 3 wheels
2 in the front 2 in the
rear
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F. W. Lanchester (1868 - 1946)
• 1895 - Built the first British gasoline motor car
• Used tiller steering system on his car
• Observed that a rear-pointing tiller caused
“oversteer”
• Forward-pointing tiller is stable

• Knowledge of tire behavior?

– They roll in the direction they are pointed
– Control forces limited by friction and load

What controls and where?

• Ford Motor Company produced 15 million
Model Ts
• Production up until 1927 with this control
paradigm
• Bentley produced a vehicle with steering
wheel throttle as late as 1954.
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State of Knowledge – 1930s
• Vehicle Dynamics
– Mechanics of low-speed turning
– Oversteer (stability)
– Mechanisms of front wheel
shimmy
• Knowledge of tire behavior
– Growing awareness of slip
angle in cornering
– First tire dynamometers
developed
(Technical University of Berlin,
1931)
– Focus on cornering force and
aligning moment.
State of Knowledge – 1950s
• Linear math models of turning
response
– Understeer/oversteer understood
– Critical speed with oversteer
explained
– Natural frequencies of yaw and
lateral acceleration response.
– Influence of suspension
properties
– Interest in modeling transient
response
• Knowledge of tire behavior
– Awareness of “relaxation
length”
– Turning frequency response up
to 2 Hz.
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State of Knowledge - 1970 NHTSA Established - 1965

• Free-control stability and response • Mandate – Impose performance

• Modeling non-linear response up
to turning limits
• Influence of steering feedback on
driver opinion
• Better understanding of tires
• GM establishes Tire
Performance Criteria
– Endurance, handling, speed
rating, traction, ride, uniformity
and performance.
standards for new vehicles to
increase safety on highways
• FMVSS 100 Series (Pre-crash
performance)
– FMVSS 105, 121 and 135 braking
standards
• FMVSS 121
– Applied to air-brake trucks
– Effectively mandated ABS in
1975.

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1970 -- Beginning of the Electronic Age 1970s - Present

• Introduction of Anti-Lock Brake • Vehicle dynamics is controlled by

Systems (ABS)
– Pre ABS Control Paradigm
Brakes apply in accordance with the
pressure on the brake pedal
– Post-ABS Control Paradigm
Brakes may be released for brief
periods during braking maneuver
“There are times when the controller
knows better than the driver”
• Places new and greater responsibility – Active roll control
on the automotive engineer to know
what is best.
electronics.
– Response is “tuned” to driving
situation
– Intervention at the brakes,
suspensions, steering
• Examples:
– ABS and Traction control
– Electronic Stability Control
– Active suspensions
– Adaptive cruise control
– Lane departure detection

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Automotive Design Challenge Solution -- Vehicle Dynamics Simulation

• How to coordinate interactions of: • Began in the 1970s

– Braking systems
– Power trains • Engineering tool to replicate/predict
– Steering systems performance of a virtual vehicle
– Suspensions – Applicable at concept and design
stages
• Primary purpose was improve safety – Prior to hardware availability

• Underlying need – Optimize use of • Example tool – Car Sim

tire forces to prevent crashes. – Outcome of early work at University of
Michigan
– Complete vehicle representation
– Operates in real time

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Driving Simulation Applications The Message

• Subjective experience of vehicle • OEMs and safety systems suppliers

response rely on the tire industry to provide:
– The essential forces to control cars
– Models of tire performance for design
• Evaluate:
optimization
- steering feel
• The needs are:
- chassis controls
– Better tires (???)
- ride & handling – Better tire models
- power train performance – Better tire data

• We look forward to working together

using simulation to develop better
cars.

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 TIRE SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL DEFINITIONS
The size and strength of each tire are identified and
indicated on the tire.

Ply Rating
Ply Rating is used to identify a given tire with its
maximum recommended load when used in a
specific type of service. It is an index of tire strength
and does not necessarily represent the number of
cord plies in the tire.

Load Range
Load Range is merely a letter used to correspond
with a ply rating.
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 TIRE SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL DEFINITIONS
Tread Depth
Tread Depth indicates the depth of grooves in the tread.
Measuring Rim Width
Measuring Rim Width is the specific rim width assigned to
each tire size designed to determine the tire dimension.
Overall Diameter
The diameter of a tire mounted on the rim and inflated under
no load.
Overall Width
The width of a tire including normal growth due to inflation
and including bars, letters or decorations embossed on
sidewalls.
Static Loaded Radius
The shortest distance from the axle center to the contact
surface of a tire mounted on the approved rim at the specified
inflation
pressure, placed still and vertically on a flat board, and loaded
with the specified load.

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 DEFINITIONS

1. Tire Size:
2. Aspect Ratio:
3. Rims:
4. Overall Width:
5. Overall Diameter:
6. Free Radius:
7. Nominal Wheel Diameter:
8. Section Height:
9. Loaded Radius:
10. Tire Deflection:
11. Revolutions Per Mile:

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 DEFINITIONS

1. Tire Size:
Michelin® radial truck tire sizes are designated by the nominal section width in inches or
millimeters and the rim diameter (e.g. 11R22.5 or 275/80R22.5). The “R” indicates a radial
tire. Some sizes are also designated with ISO (International Standardization Organization)
markings for their load and speed rating. (e.g., 144/141K, See Appendix Section).
2. Aspect Ratio:
A nominal number, which represents the section height, divided by the
section width and expressed as a percentage.
Example: 11R22.5 Aspect Ratio = 90
Example: Tire Size 275/80R22.5 Aspect Ratio = 80
Example: 445/50R22.5 Aspect Ratio = 50
3. Rims:
The approved/preferred rims are designated for each size tire. Michelin tires should only
be mounted on the rims shown. The rim shown first is the preferred rim. Be sure to check
rim manufacturers’ specifications.
4. Overall Width:
The maximum width (cross section) of the unloaded tires including protruding side ribs
and decorations as measured on the preferred rim. Overall width will change 0.1 inch
(2.5mm) for each 1⁄4 inch change in rim width.
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 DEFINITIONS

5. Overall Diameter:
The diameter of the unloaded new tire (measured from opposite outer tread surfaces).
Minimum dual spacing should be adjusted accordingly.
6. Free Radius:
One-half the overall diameter of the unloaded new tire.
7. Nominal Wheel Diameter:
Diameter of rim seat supporting the tire bead given in nearest whole numbers, e.g. 22.5".
8. Section Height:
The distance from rim seat to outer tread surface of unloaded tire.
9. Loaded Radius:
The distance from the wheel axle centerline to the supporting surface under a tire properly
inflated for its load according to the load and inflation tables.
10. Tire Deflection:
Free radius minus the loaded radius.
11. Revolutions Per Mile:
Revolutions per mile for a tire size and tread is defined as the number of revolutions that
the new tire will make in one mile. Data is normally presented for the loaded tire at its
rated load and inflation in the drive position. Rolling circumference can be calculated from
the revolutions per mile as follows: 63,360/ Revs per Mile = Rolling circumference in inches
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 TIRE MAKING
As to the tire construction there are cross-
ply and radial tires.
In cross-ply tires the threads of carcass cord
and breaker are crossing in adjacent plies and
have incline angles 45˚ to 60˚ in the middle
part of the thread cap.
In radial tires the cord threads are located
along the meridian at angle close to 0˚, and in
the breaker belt they have an angle not less
than 65˚, crossing each other in the
contiguous plies.
Radial tires have improved tire life, better road
grip, lower heat build-up and reduced rolling
resistance, which, combined with lower
weight, allows to reduced fuel consumption.
All steel – a radial-ply tire with steel wire cord
implemented in the carcass and breaker
design.

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 TIRE MAKING
As to the method of hermetic sealing
tire are divided into tube-type and
tubeless.
.
Tube-type: a tire in which the air space is
formed by an air-proof tube.

Tubeless: a tire in which the air space is

formed by the tire itself and the wheel rim
with the help of sealing layer of rubber
having high gas tightness.

As to the cross-section profile of the

tire depending on the relation of profile
height to its width the tires are divided
into: normal profile, wide profile, low
profile and super low profile tires.
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 THE CROSS-PLY (OR BIAS-PLY) TIRE & THE RADIAL-PLY TIRE

CROSS-PLY (OR BIAS-PLY) TIRE RADIAL-PLY TIRE

MANY TYPES OF TYRE

1. Solid Tire
2. Pneumatic Tire
2.1 Tubeless, 2.2 Tube Type Tires
2. 3 Cross Ply, 2.4 Radial Ply Tires.
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TUBELESS & TUBE-TYPE TIRES

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 PNEUMATIC TIRE
Pneumatic tire is one of the main elements in the running gear of vehicles. In the
process of operation the tires should secure high comfortness and safety, and
snow surfaces, improved breaking properties, and noise generation.
The pneumatic tire setup includes: 1. Tire, 2. Inner tube, 3. Flap (for truck types).

A tire is a tore-shaped elastic shell directly tacking the force acting at vehicle
operation and ensures rod grip.
The main parts of a tire are:
1. Carcass, 2. Breaker, 3. Tread, 4. Sidewall, 5. Bead, 6. Inner tube, 7. Flap
TREAD
BREAKER

CARCASS
SIDEWALL

BEAD

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 PNEUMATIC TYRE
Carcass - the base of the tire with one or several layers of rubber coated cord
with rubber inter layers;

Breaker - inner part of the tire between carcass and tread which serves to
cushion impact loads in operation;

Tread - outer rubber running surface of the tire which provides tire road grip and
protects the carcass from damage;

Sidewall - outer rubber part of the tire protecting carcass from external side
damage;

Bead - the rigid part of the tire which secures the tire on the wheel rim;

Inner tube - ring-shaped elastic rubber tube with valve mounting on wheel rim;

Flap - elastic moulded ring places between beads, tube and rim to protect tube
from attrition during vehicle travel. 21
TYRE DESIGN (STRENGTHS Vs WEAKNESS)

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 TYRE SPECIFICATION
1. Tire Size
2. Tire model
3. Trade mark
4. Manufacturing country
5. Max load index
6. Speed index
7. “TUBELESS” designation for
tubeless tire
8. “ALL SEASONS” designation for
tires with all seasons tread
pattern
9. E mark with number of official
approval and country which
issued the UN EEC Regulations
Compliance Certificate
10. Date of manufacture-4 digits,
where 2 first- week number,
last- year of manufacture 23
 TYRE SPECIFICATION
11. Designation of technical
conditions
12. Tire serial number
13. Wear index locations
14. Applied materials and number
of plies in carcass and breaker
15. DOT (department of
Transportation) mark
16. Letter-and-digit code of
manufacturer (as registered by
the US Department of
transportation)
17. Tire size code
18. Operating conditions
specifications for tire operation in
North America
19. Tire wear resistance rate index
20. Wet road tire grip index
21. Heat resistance characteristic
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 TYRE APPLICATION
Depending on the tire application tread patterns are classified as follows:

Highway pattern: pads or ribs separated by grooves.

These tires are used on roads with improves hard pavement.

Universal pattern: or ribs at the tread central part with lugs on its sides.
These tire are used on roads with improves light pavement.

Off-the road pattern: high lugs separated by grooves.

These tires are used off the roads and on soft grounds.

Winter pattern: the pattern with sharp edged projections.

These tires are used on and ice covered roads and can be fitted with anti-skid studs.

Directional pattern: asymmetrical to the radial plane of the wheel.

These tires are used off the roads and of soft grounds.

Mining pattern: massive lugs of different shape with grooves.

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 TYRE USAGE INSTRUCTION

 Follow the norms of internal pressure in tires, also in the spare tire.
Right pressure is the most important factor for tire running.
Check the pressure in all tires at least once a week.
Pressure is to be able checked only in cold tires.

 Remember! 10% lowering of the internal pressure leads to 1.5% rise of

the fuel consumption and to significant wear of the tire.

 Never use tires with the residual tread height less than:
1,6 mm – for passenger car type;
1,0 mm – for truck tires;
2,0 mm – for bus and trolley-bus tires.

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 TYRE THREAD DEPTH
The thread depth is specified in accordance with the dimensions of the
mold elements forming the depth ignoring the possible 1.0 ~ 2.5 %
shrinkage.

Method of the remaining tread depth measurement.

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 MAINTAINING THE TYRE

Inflation Pressure

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 MAINTAINING THE TYRE

Inflation Pressure

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MAINTAINING THE TYRE

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 TYRE STORAGE
 To avoid early ageing and damage store the tires in dark dry closed
place in vertical position.

 Tubes are stored lightly inflated on the brackets with semicircular

surface.

 It is not allowed to store tires and tubes along with combustible

lubricating and chemical goods.

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 RECOMMENDATIONS ON TIRE OPERATION
1. Choice of tyres
– follow the load capacity and speed index as well as their type (tube or
tubeless) to avoid overloading.

2. Mounting & dismounting

– to be performed by complement personnel applying professional
equipment.

3. Factors influencing the tyres durability

– follow to the operation and maintenance rules contribute to the
maximum life durability of the tires.
– When equip the cars with the tires, check correspondence to the
design, cross-section profile, wear degree, tread pattern. Mount same
tyres on twin wheels and axles.

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 GUARANTEE OBLIGATIONS

The manufacturer guarantee:

 Tires meet the demands of the standards when observing the rules of
operation, transportation and storage.
 Tires have no manufacturing defects and the guarantee operation
period and according to the technical normative acts.
 Guarantee period of storage and operation – 5 years after the date of
manufacture.

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The Belarusian State Institute of Standardization and Certification
estimated the quality system of JSC “Belshina” and gave certificates
confirming that this system satisfies the requirements of standards
STB ISO 9001:2001.

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 MANY APPLICABLE TIRES

- for heavy-duty dump trucks

- for road-building and industrial machines

- for tractors and agricultural machines

- for trucks and buses

- for cars light trucks

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Tires for Heavy duty trucks

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Tires for Road-building and
Industrial Machines

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Tires for tractors and
agricultural machines
Tires for Trucks and buses

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Tires for Cars and light
trucks

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 BELSHINA TYRE

The Republic of Belarus is well-known all over the world as a large

producer of heavy duty trucks, tractors and farm machines.
The principal supplier of tires for these machines is JSC “Belshina” one of
the biggest facilities in Europe, producing over 290 tire types and sizes for
cars, trucks, heavy-duty dump trucks, industrial and road building
machines, buses, tractors and farm machines.
About 90% of tires produced by “Belshina” are radial. FII types are patent
protected by two parameters; design and appearance.
Modern technical level of machinery, qualified personnel, high level of
culture and labour organization guarantee high quality our products.
Owing to reliability, durability and comfort the belarussian tyes gained
high reputation both in the local and world market. JSC “Belshina” has
mutually profitable business relationships with more than 60 countries all
over the world and is open for mutually profitable business cooperation.

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Thank You

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