Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
OF
TIRES
1
CONTENTS
Definition
Making
Specification (Belshina)
Application
Usage Instruction
Maintenance
History
Storage
Recommendation
About Belshina
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Tire History (2006 Tire Society Conference)
Why are Tires So Important?
• Vehicle Dynamics encompasses
– Acceleration and Braking
– Cornering (Handling)
– Ride
• Tires
– The primary source of vehicle control
forces 1901 Mabley
– Primary interest of vehicle dynamicists 1 in the front
1 in back
A brief History of Vehicle Dynamics 1 on each side
• 100+ years of history
• First engineers dealt with rudimentary
question
– E.g. – Where to put the wheels?
3 wheels 3 wheels
2 in the front 2 in the
rear
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F. W. Lanchester (1868 - 1946)
• 1895 - Built the first British gasoline motor car
• Used tiller steering system on his car
• Observed that a rear-pointing tiller caused
“oversteer”
• Forward-pointing tiller is stable
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1970 -- Beginning of the Electronic Age 1970s - Present
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Automotive Design Challenge Solution -- Vehicle Dynamics Simulation
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Driving Simulation Applications The Message
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TIRE SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL DEFINITIONS
The size and strength of each tire are identified and
indicated on the tire.
Ply Rating
Ply Rating is used to identify a given tire with its
maximum recommended load when used in a
specific type of service. It is an index of tire strength
and does not necessarily represent the number of
cord plies in the tire.
Load Range
Load Range is merely a letter used to correspond
with a ply rating.
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TIRE SIZE AND DIMENSIONAL DEFINITIONS
Tread Depth
Tread Depth indicates the depth of grooves in the tread.
Measuring Rim Width
Measuring Rim Width is the specific rim width assigned to
each tire size designed to determine the tire dimension.
Overall Diameter
The diameter of a tire mounted on the rim and inflated under
no load.
Overall Width
The width of a tire including normal growth due to inflation
and including bars, letters or decorations embossed on
sidewalls.
Static Loaded Radius
The shortest distance from the axle center to the contact
surface of a tire mounted on the approved rim at the specified
inflation
pressure, placed still and vertically on a flat board, and loaded
with the specified load.
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DEFINITIONS
1. Tire Size:
2. Aspect Ratio:
3. Rims:
4. Overall Width:
5. Overall Diameter:
6. Free Radius:
7. Nominal Wheel Diameter:
8. Section Height:
9. Loaded Radius:
10. Tire Deflection:
11. Revolutions Per Mile:
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DEFINITIONS
1. Tire Size:
Michelin® radial truck tire sizes are designated by the nominal section width in inches or
millimeters and the rim diameter (e.g. 11R22.5 or 275/80R22.5). The “R” indicates a radial
tire. Some sizes are also designated with ISO (International Standardization Organization)
markings for their load and speed rating. (e.g., 144/141K, See Appendix Section).
2. Aspect Ratio:
A nominal number, which represents the section height, divided by the
section width and expressed as a percentage.
Example: 11R22.5 Aspect Ratio = 90
Example: Tire Size 275/80R22.5 Aspect Ratio = 80
Example: 445/50R22.5 Aspect Ratio = 50
3. Rims:
The approved/preferred rims are designated for each size tire. Michelin tires should only
be mounted on the rims shown. The rim shown first is the preferred rim. Be sure to check
rim manufacturers’ specifications.
4. Overall Width:
The maximum width (cross section) of the unloaded tires including protruding side ribs
and decorations as measured on the preferred rim. Overall width will change 0.1 inch
(2.5mm) for each 1⁄4 inch change in rim width.
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DEFINITIONS
5. Overall Diameter:
The diameter of the unloaded new tire (measured from opposite outer tread surfaces).
Minimum dual spacing should be adjusted accordingly.
6. Free Radius:
One-half the overall diameter of the unloaded new tire.
7. Nominal Wheel Diameter:
Diameter of rim seat supporting the tire bead given in nearest whole numbers, e.g. 22.5".
8. Section Height:
The distance from rim seat to outer tread surface of unloaded tire.
9. Loaded Radius:
The distance from the wheel axle centerline to the supporting surface under a tire properly
inflated for its load according to the load and inflation tables.
10. Tire Deflection:
Free radius minus the loaded radius.
11. Revolutions Per Mile:
Revolutions per mile for a tire size and tread is defined as the number of revolutions that
the new tire will make in one mile. Data is normally presented for the loaded tire at its
rated load and inflation in the drive position. Rolling circumference can be calculated from
the revolutions per mile as follows: 63,360/ Revs per Mile = Rolling circumference in inches
15
TIRE MAKING
As to the tire construction there are cross-
ply and radial tires.
In cross-ply tires the threads of carcass cord
and breaker are crossing in adjacent plies and
have incline angles 45˚ to 60˚ in the middle
part of the thread cap.
In radial tires the cord threads are located
along the meridian at angle close to 0˚, and in
the breaker belt they have an angle not less
than 65˚, crossing each other in the
contiguous plies.
Radial tires have improved tire life, better road
grip, lower heat build-up and reduced rolling
resistance, which, combined with lower
weight, allows to reduced fuel consumption.
All steel – a radial-ply tire with steel wire cord
implemented in the carcass and breaker
design.
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TIRE MAKING
As to the method of hermetic sealing
tire are divided into tube-type and
tubeless.
.
Tube-type: a tire in which the air space is
formed by an air-proof tube.
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PNEUMATIC TIRE
Pneumatic tire is one of the main elements in the running gear of vehicles. In the
process of operation the tires should secure high comfortness and safety, and
snow surfaces, improved breaking properties, and noise generation.
The pneumatic tire setup includes: 1. Tire, 2. Inner tube, 3. Flap (for truck types).
A tire is a tore-shaped elastic shell directly tacking the force acting at vehicle
operation and ensures rod grip.
The main parts of a tire are:
1. Carcass, 2. Breaker, 3. Tread, 4. Sidewall, 5. Bead, 6. Inner tube, 7. Flap
TREAD
BREAKER
CARCASS
SIDEWALL
BEAD
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PNEUMATIC TYRE
Carcass - the base of the tire with one or several layers of rubber coated cord
with rubber inter layers;
Breaker - inner part of the tire between carcass and tread which serves to
cushion impact loads in operation;
Tread - outer rubber running surface of the tire which provides tire road grip and
protects the carcass from damage;
Sidewall - outer rubber part of the tire protecting carcass from external side
damage;
Bead - the rigid part of the tire which secures the tire on the wheel rim;
Inner tube - ring-shaped elastic rubber tube with valve mounting on wheel rim;
Flap - elastic moulded ring places between beads, tube and rim to protect tube
from attrition during vehicle travel. 21
TYRE DESIGN (STRENGTHS Vs WEAKNESS)
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TYRE SPECIFICATION
1. Tire Size
2. Tire model
3. Trade mark
4. Manufacturing country
5. Max load index
6. Speed index
7. “TUBELESS” designation for
tubeless tire
8. “ALL SEASONS” designation for
tires with all seasons tread
pattern
9. E mark with number of official
approval and country which
issued the UN EEC Regulations
Compliance Certificate
10. Date of manufacture-4 digits,
where 2 first- week number,
last- year of manufacture 23
TYRE SPECIFICATION
11. Designation of technical
conditions
12. Tire serial number
13. Wear index locations
14. Applied materials and number
of plies in carcass and breaker
15. DOT (department of
Transportation) mark
16. Letter-and-digit code of
manufacturer (as registered by
the US Department of
transportation)
17. Tire size code
18. Operating conditions
specifications for tire operation in
North America
19. Tire wear resistance rate index
20. Wet road tire grip index
21. Heat resistance characteristic
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TYRE APPLICATION
Depending on the tire application tread patterns are classified as follows:
Universal pattern: or ribs at the tread central part with lugs on its sides.
These tire are used on roads with improves light pavement.
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TYRE USAGE INSTRUCTION
Follow the norms of internal pressure in tires, also in the spare tire.
Right pressure is the most important factor for tire running.
Check the pressure in all tires at least once a week.
Pressure is to be able checked only in cold tires.
Never use tires with the residual tread height less than:
1,6 mm – for passenger car type;
1,0 mm – for truck tires;
2,0 mm – for bus and trolley-bus tires.
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TYRE THREAD DEPTH
The thread depth is specified in accordance with the dimensions of the
mold elements forming the depth ignoring the possible 1.0 ~ 2.5 %
shrinkage.
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MAINTAINING THE TYRE
Inflation Pressure
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MAINTAINING THE TYRE
Inflation Pressure
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MAINTAINING THE TYRE
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TYRE STORAGE
To avoid early ageing and damage store the tires in dark dry closed
place in vertical position.
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RECOMMENDATIONS ON TIRE OPERATION
1. Choice of tyres
– follow the load capacity and speed index as well as their type (tube or
tubeless) to avoid overloading.
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GUARANTEE OBLIGATIONS
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The Belarusian State Institute of Standardization and Certification
estimated the quality system of JSC “Belshina” and gave certificates
confirming that this system satisfies the requirements of standards
STB ISO 9001:2001.
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MANY APPLICABLE TIRES
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Tires for Heavy duty trucks
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Tires for Road-building and
Industrial Machines
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Tires for tractors and
agricultural machines
Tires for Trucks and buses
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Tires for Cars and light
trucks
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BELSHINA TYRE
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Thank You
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