OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH H A Z A R D S
 PHYSICAL
HAZARD

ERGONOMIC CHEMICAL
HAZARD HAZARD

BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
 HAZARD AND
RISK
 HAZARD  RISK
- any source of - the chance or
potential damage, probability that a
harm or adverse person will be
health effects on harmed or
something or experience an
someone under adverse health
certain conditions effect if exposed
at work. to a hazard.
 WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Safety Hazards Health Hazards

 working conditions where  working conditions

harm to the workers is of which result in an illness
an immediate and violent
nature  exposure to dangerous
 result in broken bones, substances or
cuts, bruises, sprains, conditions, such as
loss of limbs, etc. chemicals, gases, dusts,
 the harm results in some noise etc.
kind of injury to the
worker  often, latency between
 associated with poorly exposure and disease
guarded or dangerous
equipment and machinery
Sponsore
d
Medical Lecture Notes – All
Subjects

USMLE Exam (America) – Practice

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Chemical
Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation Skin Contact

Ingestion
 Chemical
Hazards
Routes of excretion

Gastro-intestinal Renal (urine) Respiratory Skin (sweat, hair, nails)

(feces)
(exhalation)
 Chemical
Hazards
Classification of Toxic Effects

 Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact

 Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of

contact, may involve many organ systems

 Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately

(hours/days) after an exposure

 Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to

specific organ systems; occurs many months or
years to have recognizable clinical disease
 Chemical
Hazards
Health Effects

 Renal Diseases
 Respiratory Diseases
 Skin Diseases
 Hematologic Diseases
 Cardiovascular
Diseases
 Neurologic
Diseases
 Carcinogenic
 Teratogenic
Chemical
Hazards
Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process

Renal Diseases: Battery, chemical

acute/chronic renal Mercury, cadmium, industries,
failure chloroform pesticide
Respiratory
Diseases: Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries
Irritation, inflammation
Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction,
sandblasting,
coal
Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining
Chemical
Hazards
Blood Diseases:
Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead
smelting

Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.

Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish
dermatitis

Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool

operators
Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar
Petroleum
refinery
Chemical
Hazards
Liver Disease:
Acute liver toxicity Carbon Cleaning fluids, dry
tetrachloride cleaners
Liver cancer Vinyl Plastics & vinyl
chloride chloride mfg.

Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, Refrigeration, solvent
trichloroethylen workers
e
PHYSICAL H A Z A R D S
 Physical
Hazards
 Noise

Vibration

 Extreme Temperature

Illumination
NOIS
ETypes of Noise-Induced Hearing
Loss

Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory

fatigue)
◦ temporary loss of hearing acuity
after exposure to loud noise
◦ recovery within 16-48 hrs

Permanent Threshold Shift

◦ irreversible loss of hearing
Other Harmful Effects
ofNoise

• Hypertension
• Hyperacidity
• Palpitations
• Disturbs relaxation and
sleep
 Segmental
Vibration:
• Health Effects:
—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
—tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
—pain
 Whole Body
Vibration:
Health effects:
◦ Fatigue
◦ Irritability
◦ Headache
◦ Disorders of the spine
 Health Effects of Heat
Stress
Disorders Clinical features
Prickly Heat (Miliaria Pruritic rash
rubra)
Heat cramps Cramps in the body,
usually legs
Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting
attack, blurring of vision,
cold, clammy and
sweaty skin
Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle
twitchings,
disorientation, delirium,
convulsions
Health Effects of Cold Temperature

 Frostbite: reddening of skin,

localized burning pain and
numbness. Fingers, toes,
cheeks, nose, ears are
most susceptible.

 trench foot or immersion

foot: numbness, pain,
cramps, ulceration and
gangrene.
 Inadequate
Illumination
Health Effects
◦ Visual Fatigue
◦ Double Vision
◦ Headaches
◦ Painful
irritation
◦ Lacrimation
◦ Conjunctivitis
 RADIATION

Types Sources Health Effects

Ionizing X-rays Cancer, congenital
Gamma rays defects, death

Non-ionizing Ultraviolet skin redness, premature

skin ageing, and skin
cancer
Infrared corneal and conjunctival
burns, retinal injury,
cataract
Laser Skin and eye problem
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

VIRUSES FUNGI

BACTERIA PARASITES
 Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet May be contracted
anywhere fever, diphtheria, smallpox

Tuberculosis Silica workers, people

exposed to heat and organic
dusts, and medical personnel

Anthrax Animal handlers and

handlers of carcasses, skins,
hides, or hair of infected
animals, including wool
carpet processors and
handlers.
 Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Ringworm (in horses, cattle, Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,

deer, pigs, cats, dogs, breeders of cats and dogs,
birds) and other animal handlers

Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or

anyone in contact with manure.
 Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Psittacosis (in parrots, Pet shop personnel, gardeners,
parakeets, pigeons, ducks, housewives, veterinary
turkeys, chickens, etc.) surgeons, and researchers.

Hookworm Miners, agricultural laborers,

planters of sugar, tobacco, tea,
rice and cotton, and brick and
tunnel workers.
 Selected Infectious Diseases
and Occupations

Agent / Disease Occupation

Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, Veterinarians, letter carriers,
pigs, cats) laboratory research
workers, agricultural
workers.

Fungus
Farmers, outdoor workers,
animal handlers
Body Fluids with High Viral
Load
Blood

Semen

Vaginal and cervical mucus

Breastmilk

Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
ERGONO M IC
S the task
(job content &
context)

the the
organization
tool

the the
environment workstation
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Static
posture
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Forceful exertion
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Repetitive movement
Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Extreme range of motion

 Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS

Awkward posture
STRESS
 STRES
S
Manifestations of Stress
PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL
 Fatigue  Heart rate  Drug use
 Anxiety  Blood pressure  Alcohol intake
 Tension
 Indigestion  Heavy smoking
 Irritability
 Impulsive emotional
 Depression
behavior
 Boredom
 Inability to
concentrate
 Low
esteem
 Poor work & family
relationship
 Social isolation
 Family
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION