Drivetrain and Fuel System

DRIVETRAIN AND FUEL SYSTEM
1
RATING 02
DRIVETRAIN
• BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

• COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS
11/15/21
RATING 03
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

OF A DRIVETRAIN
The drivetrain takes the rotating power

from the engine or electric motor and
transfers it to the wheels.
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RATING 04

OF A DRIVETRAIN
It uses gears, shafts, and joints to transfer

the rotation of the engine to the rotation of
the wheel.
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RATING 05

OF A DRIVETRAIN
The primary component of the drivetrain is

the transmission.
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RATING 06
TORQUE CONVERTER OR CLUTCH
A manual transmission uses a clutch

assembly, and an automatic transmission
uses a torque converter.
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RATING 07
TORQUE CONVERTER OR CLUTCH
They allow the transmission to be

disengaged from the rotation of the engine
and provide a connection between the
engine and transmission.
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RATING 8
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RATING 9
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HOW CLUTCH WORKS

RATING 10
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HOW TORQUE CONVERTER WORKS

RATING 011
TRANSMISSION OR TRANSAXLE
The transmission, also called a transaxle

(front-wheel-drive vehicles) or a gearbox,
uses different gear ratios to adapt the output
of the engine to the speed of the wheels.
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RATING 012
Low gears turn the drive wheels slower.
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RATING 013
An overdrive gear turns the output of the

transmission faster than the output of the
engine.
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RATING 014
The transmission also allows the wheels to

be spun in reverse.
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RATING 15
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RATING 16
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Driveshafts and Drive Axles

RATING 17
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RATING 18
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Universal-Joints and Constant Velocity Joints

RATING 19
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RATING 20
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Differentials and Axles

RATING 21
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RATING 022
Most problems with the drivetrain involve

the transmission, which takes all that power
and torque from the motor and turns it into
rotational energy.
COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

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RATING 023
An automatic transmission uses hydraulic

pressure to shift itself, which adds
complexity to the problem.

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RATING 024
Improper use of a manual transmission’s

clutch can lead to early failure, so if you
have a manual transmission car, learn to
shift properly.

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RATING 025
LEAKS
Most leaks occur because of the shafts

going into and out of different parts of the
drivetrain.

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RATING 026
LEAKS
Leaks left too long lead to failure, so if you

find one, get it fixed as soon as possible.

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RATING 027
DRIVETRAIN “SLIPPING”
This can be caused by a faulty automatic

transmission, a worn-out clutch in a manual
transmission, or the failure of the automatic
torque convertor.

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RATING 028
TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS
If you let an automatic transmission get too

low on fluid, it won’t be able to pump fluid
through the transmission and torque
converter to shift the gears.

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RATING 029
If an automatic stop shifting, you may hear

the engine rev up higher than normal, or
not feel the transmission shift down while
decelerating.

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RATING 030
There are special gears in a manual

transmission that let the gears slide in and
out smoothly, called synchronizers.

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RATING 031
If the “synchros” or gears wear or become

damaged, you may not be able to put the
transmission into the correct gear.

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RATING 32
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RATING 033
If the clutch is worn, you may not be able

to disengage the transmission from the
engine to shift gears.

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RATING 034
The fluid lubricates all the gears in both

manual and automatic transmissions, and if
it gets too low the transmission can destroy
itself.

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RATING 035
TRANSMISSION POPS OUT OF GEAR
A transmission that pops out of gear can be

dangerous, not just inconvenient. If the
synchros wear out, the transmission may
slip out of gear.

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RATING 036
TRANSMISSION POPS OUT OF GEAR
You’ll know this when the engine revs up

and the car starts coasting.

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RATING 037
OVERHEATING
An automatic transmission or transaxle

uses a cooler to cool the hydraulic pumps,
and if it overheats, the transmission can
fail.

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RATING 038
OVERHEATING
When looking for leaks, make sure you

look around the radiator for transmission
leaks.

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RATING 039
OVERHEATING
A transmission that is overheating may

emit a burning smell.

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RATING 040
U-JOINT AND CV JOINT FAILURE
U-joints and CV joints need to be

lubricated regularly since they use roller
bearings to provide rotation.

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RATING 041
U-JOINT AND CV JOINT FAILURE
When a U-joint or CV joint is failing, it

will start vibrating.

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RATING 042
GRINDING OR OTHER NOISES
You may hear the sound of metal grinding

against metal if the fluids in the
transmission or differential are low,
leaking, or worn out.

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RATING 043
GRINDING OR OTHER NOISES
A grinding sound means that metal is being

torn apart, and you need to have it checked
immediately.

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RATING 044
“CHECK ENGINE” LIGHT COMES ON
Your computer may sense if the

transmission is not functioning properly,
causing the “check engine” light to come
on.

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RATING 045
FUEL SYSTEM
• BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

• COMMON FUEL SYSTEM PROBLEMS
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RATING 046

OF THE FUEL SYSTEM
The engine draws in air and then adds fuel,

which is mixed with the air and burns in
the engine cylinder to turn the engine.
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RATING 047

OF THE FUEL SYSTEM
In the old days, the engine used the moving

piston to create a vacuum, pulling fuel out
of a carburetor and mixing it with
atmospheric air.
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RATING 048

OF THE FUEL SYSTEM
Today, computers can sense when fuel is

needed, and spray it directly into the engine
cylinder.
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RATING 049
FUEL INJECTOR
A fuel injector sprays fuel into the engine,

rather than having it drawn out from an
engine vacuum like a carburetor.
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RATING 050
FUEL INJECTOR
The computer can control how long and

when to trigger the fuel injector.
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RATING 051
Central fuel injection
One or more fuel injectors are centrally

mounted on the engine and the fuel is
dispersed to all the cylinders evenly.
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RATING 052
Multi-port fuel injection
There is a single injector for each cylinder

and the computer can turn the injectors on
and off, usually in batches.
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RATING 053
Sequential fuel injection
A multi-port setup, but the computer can

select exactly when to fire the fuel at the
right moment to each cylinder for
maximum power and efficiency.
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RATING 054
Sequential fuel injection
Most modern cars have this feature.
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RATING 055
Fuel Pump
The fuel pump moves the fuel from the

tank to the engine.
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RATING 056
Fuel Pump
It can be mounted in the fuel tank, just

outside the fuel tank, or even on the engine.
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RATING 057
Fuel Tank
The gas tank does more than just hold

the fuel; it’s part of the emissions
system of your car.
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RATING 058
Fuel Tank
there is a valve in the gas tank that

allows these vapors to be funneled
back to the engine and burned as part
of the combustion process.
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RATING 059
Fuel Tank
This system is called the evaporative

emission control (EVAP) system.
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RATING 060
Fuel Filter
Fuel filters come in all shapes, sizes,

and varieties. Some are self-
contained, some are cartridges, some
attach to the engine, and some to the
tank.
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RATING 061
Fuel Filter
The fuel filter pulls out small

particles in the fuel, preventing them
from clogging the fuel injectors and
pump, and keeps contaminants out of
the engine.
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RATING 062
Fuel Inertia Switch
This switch cuts off power to the fuel

pump if it is jostled in an accident.
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RATING 063
Fuel Inertia Switch
Since the fuel pump is electric, it may

still pump fuel after a wreck, and this can
cause a dangerous fire hazard, so this
switch is used to shut off the fuel flow.
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RATING 064
Fuel Inertia Switch
It can be reset by pressing the button on

the top of the switch.
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RATING 065
Fuel Sensors and Monitors
• Fuel rail transducer

• Fuel pressure regulator
• Fuel tank pressure sensor
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RATING 066
AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
It can be reset by pressing the button on

the top of the switch.
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RATING 067
Air Filter
This is your first defense against debris

getting pulled into your engine.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 068
Air Filter
Most filters are disposable, although

some filters can be cleaned and reused.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 069
Air Filter
The shape, size, and design of air filters

varies greatly by manufacturer.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 070
Throttle Body
The throttle body opens when you step

on the accelerator pedal.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 071
Throttle Body
It has a big plate inside a tube that allows

air into your engine.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 072
Throttle Body
As you press on the pedal, the throttle

plate moves into a horizontal position,
and air is allowed into your engine.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 073
Throttle Position Sensor
This tells your computer how open the

throttle plate is and how much air is
getting into the engine.
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AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

RATING 074
EGR Valve
The full name for this component is the

exhaust gas recirculator valve.
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RATING 075
EGR Valve
Just as your engine burns fuel tank

vapors, it also takes a portion of the
exhaust gases and sends them back into
the engine to be burned again.
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RATING 076
PCV Valve
PCV stands for positive crankcase

ventilation.
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RATING 077
PCV Valve
This one-way valve is another device

designed to reduce emissions.
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RATING 078
PCV Valve
As fuel and oil vapors build up in the

engine, they build pressure in the engine
crankcase.
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RATING 079
PCV Valve
The PCV valve opens up to allow these

vapors out of the engine crankcase and
injects them into the intake manifold to
be burned, relieving pressure buildup.
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RATING 080
Intake System
The intake system consists of all the

plumbing that comes before and after the
throttle body.
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RATING 081
Intake System
This includes the tubing between the air

filter and the throttle body (on the right)
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RATING 082
Intake System
The manifold that disperses the air to the

individual cylinders (on the left).
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RATING 083
Intake System
Intake manifolds usually have individual

pipes, called runners, that lead to each
cylinder.
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RATING 084
Intake System
This helps the air move faster and allows

more air to enter the cylinder.
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RATING 085
Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor
This sensor tells the computer how much

air is going into the engine.
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RATING 086
Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensor
Air density can change due to altitude,

climate, and whether your car uses a
supercharger or other means to force air
into the engine.
11/15/21
RATING 087
Idle Air Control (IAC) Valve
When the throttle plate is closed, this

valve allows a small amount of air to
bypass around the throttle plate so the
engine doesn’t get choked off.
11/15/21
RATING 088
Air Sensors and Monitors
computer uses information from several

sensors to determine how much fuel to
add to the engine.
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RATING 089
Barometric Air Pressure (BAP) sensor
This measures the density of air, like a

MAF sensor, but measures just
barometric pressure.
11/15/21

RATING 090
Barometric Air Pressure (BAP) sensor
At sea level, air is denser than at higher

altitudes, and this sensor is used by some
systems to tell the computer how dense
the air is that’s entering the engine.
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RATING 091
Intake Air Temperature (IAT) sensor
This measures the temperature of the air.
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RATING 092
Colder air will be denser than hotter air
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RATING 093
cold air requires more fuel, while hotter

air needs less fuel but can cause the fuel
to burn too soon (called pre-detonation).
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RATING 094
Electronic Throttle Control (ETC)

motor
On cars that have an

electronically controlled
accelerator pedal (throttle by
wire)
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RATING 095
Electronic Throttle Control (ETC)

motor
this motor is used to

move the throttle plate
in place of a cable.
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RATING 96
SUPERCHARGER vs. TURBOCHARGERS

and INTERCOOLERS
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RATING 97
SUPERCHARGER
A supercharger is driven by the engine,

usually by a belt on the front of the motor.
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RATING 98
SUPERCHARGER
the supercharger can start building pressure

almost immediately.
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RATING 99
SUPERCHARGER
a supercharger also draws power away from

the engine due to the additional load on the
engine
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RATING 100
SUPERCHARGER
while using the exhaust gases doesn’t affect

the load on the engine.
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RATING 101
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RATING 102
TURBOCHARGERS
driven by the exhaust gases from the engine

turning an impeller (like a pump) that is
connected to the compressor.
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RATING 103
TURBOCHARGERS
Turbochargers have something called “turbo

lag” which means they have to wait until the
gases are running fast to get the compressor
to spin.
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RATING 104
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RATING 105
INTERCOOLER
When you compress air, it heats up, and hot

air can lead to the pre-detonation.
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RATING 106
INTERCOOLER
Intercoolers are used to cool the air before it

is drawn into the engine.
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RATING 107
INTERCOOLER
An intercooler is a radiator, and the intake air

is drawn through it and cooled, just like the
coolant in the engine radiator.
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RATING 108
11/15/21
0
RATING
109
COMMON FUEL SYSTEM PROBLEMS
LOW OR NO AIR DELIVERY

A modern engine really needs to
know exactly how much air is
drawn into the engine. how
dense it is, and what
11/15/21
temperature it is to allow for
efficient combustion.
0
RATING
110
Clogged Air Filter

A clogged air filter means the
engine can’t get enough air
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0
RATING
111
Clogged Air Filter

which causes it to reduce the
amount of fuel delivered and
can result in the engine losing
power.
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0
RATING
112
Dirty MAF Sensor

The MAF contains a small wire
that heats up to measure the
density of the air going into the
engine.
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0
RATING
113
Dirty MAF Sensor

If the wire gets dirty, it will not
read properly.
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0
RATING
114
Dirty MAF Sensor

The MAF can be cleaned, but
you need to buy a special
cleaner from the auto parts
store that’s made specifically for
11/15/21
cleaning the sensor.
0
RATING
115
Faulty Throttle Position Sensor

The throttle body is a
mechanical plate, so it usually
doesn’t have problems, but the
sensor that tells the computer
11/15/21
how open it can fail.
0
RATING
116
Faulty Throttle Position Sensor

The TPS may have to be
calibrated and aligned; if so,
leave this replacement to a
professional.
11/15/21
0
RATING
117
Clogged or Sticking PCV Valve

If this happens, the engine will
start to lose power or not
accelerate, or the pressure can
build up in the crankcase and
11/15/21
cause seals to fail.
0
RATING
118
Clogged or Sticking PCV Valve

Checking the PCV is easy and
quick, and in most cases
relatively inexpensive to
replace.
11/15/21
0
RATING
119
Clogged or Failed IAC

The IAC allows a small amount
of air to bypass the throttle
plate at idle.
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0
RATING
120

If the valve fails or clogs, the
engine may come off
acceleration slowly, or it may
stall and come down too fast.
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0
RATING
121

If it is closed, the car may not
start and run at idle.
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0
RATING
122
Sensors
the car won’t run properly if a
sensor goes bad.
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0
RATING
123
Sensors
When a sensor goes bad, the
computer may send an error
code that the sensor is out of
range.
11/15/21
THAT’S ALL!
QUESTIONS?
READ THE FOLLOWING
PAGE 76-84 & PAGE 93-

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DRIVETRAIN AND FUEL SYSTEM

• BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

The drivetrain takes the rotating power

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

It uses gears, shafts, and joints to transfer

BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE

The primary component of the drivetrain is

TORQUE CONVERTER OR CLUTCH

A manual transmission uses a clutch

TORQUE CONVERTER OR CLUTCH

They allow the transmission to be

HOW CLUTCH WORKS

HOW TORQUE CONVERTER WORKS

The transmission, also called a transaxle

Low gears turn the drive wheels slower.

An overdrive gear turns the output of the

The transmission also allows the wheels to

Driveshafts and Drive Axles

Universal-Joints and Constant Velocity Joints

Differentials and Axles

Most problems with the drivetrain involve

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

An automatic transmission uses hydraulic

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

Improper use of a manual transmission’s

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

Most leaks occur because of the shafts

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

Leaks left too long lead to failure, so if you

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

This can be caused by a faulty automatic

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS

If you let an automatic transmission get too

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS

If an automatic stop shifting, you may hear

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS

There are special gears in a manual

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS

If the “synchros” or gears wear or become

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS

If the clutch is worn, you may not be able

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION NOT SHIFTING GEARS

The fluid lubricates all the gears in both

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION POPS OUT OF GEAR

A transmission that pops out of gear can be

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

TRANSMISSION POPS OUT OF GEAR

You’ll know this when the engine revs up

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

An automatic transmission or transaxle

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

When looking for leaks, make sure you

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

A transmission that is overheating may

COMMON DRIVETRAIN PROBLEMS

U-JOINT AND CV JOINT FAILURE