● PRINCIPLES OF

CONCUPISCENCE
FEAR, VIOLENCE,
PASSION AND PRINCIPLE
OF COERCION
CONCUPISCENCE
- Strong sexual desire; lust. Simply, Passion
- SYNONYM: lust (oxford)
- In Christianity, particularly in Roman Catholic
and Lutheran theology, concupiscence is the
tendency of humans to sin.
 PASSION

- are either tendencies away, from under undesirable or

harmful things.
· Positive emotions, the former include love, desire,
delight, hope and bravery
· Negative emotions, the latter include hatred, horror,
sadness, despair, fear and anger.
PRINCIPLES OF CONCUPISCENCE
PRINCIPLES OF CONCUPISCENCE

· Antecedent passions do not always destroy voluntariness, but they

diminish accountability for the resultant act.

Ex. you acted on that very moment when you are on a strong emotion. For example, you see your boyfriend dating another girl
and because of jealousy, because of anger you throw yourself onto your boyfriend. And that very moment, that is example
of antecedent passion. Because of that emotion, anger and jealousy you have done something which is unnecessary and
according to that principle, it is still voluntary but diminishes the responsibility because you acted because of that certain
emotion.
· Consequent passions do not lessen voluntariness of the act, but
may increase accountability. It always increases the responsibility.

Ex. Why it always increases the responsibility? Because this consequent passions, it is already willed, it is already planned. You have
already consent in doing it. For example, you have already found out that your boyfriend is dating another girl and because of that,
you went to Tulfo knowing that your going to become viral. And worse, because of your anger and jealousy you planned to kill your
boyfriend or the girl.
The difference between the two, the antecedent and consequent passion. If it’s
antecedent, it does not destroy the voluntariness of the act but it diminishes the
responsibility. If it is consequent passion, it does not destroy, it does not listen the
voluntariness of the act but it increases the responsibility.

If it is antecedent, it is the sudden burst of your emotion, you acted because of that
strong emotion. But if it is consequent passion, you have acted, you have already
consent, you willed it. There is already time and space.
FEAR
- Is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted by an impending danger or
harm to himself or loved ones.
- Is an instinct for self- preservation.

TYPES OF FEAR
· Grave Fear – aroused by the presence of a danger.
- That is regarded by most people as serious.
- That is judged to be serious by the one concerned.

· Slight Fear – aroused by a danger.

- That is not serious.
PRINCIPLES OF FEAR

· Acts done with fear are voluntary.

· Acts done out of fear, however, great, is simply voluntary, although it is also
conditionally voluntary.
· Acts done because of intense fear or panic are involuntary.
VIOLENCE
- Refers to any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the
purpose of compelling said person to act against his will.
- In cases where the victim gives complete resistance, the violence is classified as
perfect violence.
- However, if the victim offers insufficient resistance, the violence classified as
imperfect violence.
 TYPES OF VIOLENCE
· Perfect Violence
ü Physically Perfect Violence
- In which all possible forms of resisting is utilized
If a woman walking along a dark street at night is attacked, and she attempts to fight of the attackers with all the physical
powers at her command, she has been the victim of physically perfect violence.

ü Morally Perfect Violence

- Is that in which all powers of resistance should be used but not employed for a good reason.
A man being robbed attempts to fight the robber but soon realizes that further assistance will probably result in his death.

· Imperfect Violence – is that in which some resistance is shown but not as much as should be.
A Stenographer who is working after hours in an almost empty building is approached by the department head. The
man, suddenly filled with lustful intentions, makes certain rough and violent advances. The young woman for a moment
puts up some resistance and feels that additional resistance might terminate the incident. However, she quickly ceases
resistance and gives in to the man. The stenographer is the victim of imperfect violence.
PRINCIPLES OF VIOLENCE
· External actions, or commanded actions, performed by a person
subjected to violence, to which reasonable resistance has been offered, are
involuntary and are not accountable.
· Elicited acts, or those done by the will alone, are not subject to violence
and are therefore voluntary.
 Moral Principles Concerning Violence

a. Regarding perfect violence, the moral principle is this: that which is done from
perfect violence is entirely involuntary, and so in such cases there is no moral
responsibility.
If an individual is a victim in the absolute sense of the word, no sensible person
condemn him. If the victim makes a judgment that resistance is utterly useless, he need
not resist. There is no obligation to do what is useless.

b. Regarding imperfect violence: that is which done under the influence of imperfect
violence is less voluntary, and so the moral responsibility is lessened but not taken away
completely.
PRINCIPLE OF COERCION
COERCION - the action of making somebody do something that they do not want to do, using force
or threatening to use force

Ex. Every day, Thomas brings five dollars to school for lunch. Two kids in his class know that he has the money on
him. Every day they team up and threaten to beat Thomas unless he hands over the money. They also tell him that if
he fails to bring his lunch money the next day, the torment will get worse. By the simplest definition, Thomas is a victim
of coercion, being forced to bring and hand over his lunch money.
In the legal sense, coercion is more complex.
Coercion means forcing a person to do
something that they would not normally do by
making threats against their safety or well-being,
or that of their relatives or property. The person
making the threats is attempting to gain
compliance from a victim through intimidation. The
threats can be physical in nature, meaning that
pain or injury has been implied or has actually
taken place. For example, pointing a gun at
someone's head or holding a knife to someone's
throat is an actual physical threat. Telling someone
that their sister will be robbed if they do not
comply is an implied physical threat.
The threats can also be psychological
in nature, meaning that they intend to
cause emotional distress. Creating
feelings of obligation, rejecting
someone from a group, or threatening
to disclose a secret are all forms of
psychological intimidation. For
example, telling a person that intimate
private photos of them will be emailed
to their company unless they agree to
sign a contract would be a form of
coercion.