Reading method and

Audio lingual method

What is the similarity of
the Audio-lingual method
with the Palmer's
method?
 One similarity between the direct method of language teaching
and the audio-lingual method of language teaching—variously
spelled audiolingual, audio lingual and audio-lingual—is that
each was developed as a reaction to the perceived weaknesses
of the method preceding it. Grammar is central to
the relationship between the direct and audio-lingual methods.
 Like the direct method, the audio-lingual method advised
that students should be taught a language directly, without
using the students' native language to explain new words or
grammar in target language. However, unlike the direct
method, the audio-lingual method did not focus on teaching
vocabulary.
 Thus, H.Palmer's method is based on rationalisation of
teaching/learning process and systematic selection of material.
Teaching speaking features prominently in H. Palmer's method, hence
its name "oral method".
Why was the Audio-lingual method
criticized by the cognitive
linguists?
 In the late 1950s, the theoretical underpinnings of the method were
questioned by linguists such as Noam Chomsky, who pointed out
the limitations of structural linguistics. The relevance of
behaviorist psychology to language learning was also questioned,
most famously by Chomsky's review of B.F. Skinner's 
Verbal Behavior in 1959. The audio-lingual method was thus
deprived of its scientific credibility and it was only a matter of time
before the effectiveness of the method itself was questioned.
 In 1964, Wilga Rivers released a critique of the method in her
book, The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher.
Subsequent research by others, inspired by her book, produced
results which showed explicit grammatical instruction in the mother
language to be more productive. These developments, coupled with
the emergence of humanist pedagogy led to a rapid decline in the
popularity of audiolingualism. Philip Smith's study from 1965-1969,
termed the Pennsylvania Project, provided significant proof that
audio-lingual methods were less effective than a more traditional
cognitive approach involving the learner's first language.
Why the learners couldn't speak and
lead conversation in real speech
situations who was taught by the
Audio-Lingual method?
 Theweaknesses of ALM On the other hand,
the opponents of the ALM highlight that this
method doesn 't meet the communicative
needs of today 's generation (Walia, 2012).
Language as stated by (Burial, 1974) is not
only a set of grammatical rules lexical or
phonology in which ALM concentrate on.
(Brandt, 1988) mentioned that drilling
hinders learners proficiency of using the
language as they are not able to create
speech spontaneously.
What is the difference between direct and
cognitive methods?
 Cognitive learning theories focus more on the
learning processes, such as concept formation,
problem solving and inner thinking, these
processes fall less into the domain of behavioral
learning. Direct method goes far beyond
behaviorism's simple imitation of others.
What was the Reading
Method used for?
Improving Comprehension.
Develop a broad background.
Know the structure of paragraphs.
Identify the type of reasoning.
Look for the method of organization.
Create motivation and interest
Pay attention to supporting cues.