Gender and Age

Group 5:
1. Ardiansyah (1905112474)
2. Egi Winilza (1905112653)
3. Fitriatul Husnah (1905112336)
4. Indri Romansyah (1905112183)
5. Nurhasanah Puspita Wardani
(1905112306)
6. Tri Wahyuning (1905112782)
Commonly, women and man or kids and adults are different in
speak for all speech communities, and the reasons in both cases
are mainly social and cultural. And now we need to know the
meaning of the terms sex and gender in sociolinguistics. The
term gender rather than sex because sex has come to refer to
categories distinguished by biological characteristics, while
gender is more appropriate for distinguishing people on the
basis of their socio-cultural behaviour, including speech.
 Gender-exclusive speech differences:
highly structured communities.
Women and men do not speak in exactly the same way as each other in any
community. Example : The Amazon Indians gave their children a different
language from father and mother. This is because when men marry, they
must marry women of different ethnicity from the men. Basically, every tribe
that exists must have a different language, thus making a married couple
have 2 languages ​that are taught or given to their children. Not only that,
there are several other examples that reveal that women's languages ​are
different from men's languages. In Yana, for example, which is a now-extinct
North American Indian language, then Chiquitano, a South American Indoa
language, some words used between men are longer than the equivalent
words used by women and women, because the male form sometimes adds
ending, for example:
Yana

Women's form Men's form

ba ba-na 'deer'

yaa yaa-na ‘person’

t'et t'en'-na 'grizzly bear’

?au ?au-na 'fire'

nisaaklu nisaaklu-?i 'he might go away'

In some languages, there are also differences between the vocabulary items used by
women and men, though these are never very extensive. Traditional standard Japanese
provides some clear examples.

Japanese
Women's form Men's form

otoosan Oyaji 'Father'

taberu Kuu ‘eat’

onaka Hara 'Stomach’

The above example is in Traditional, but different in modern Japanese today. Language as it
is now, is more towards 'politeness' rather than language differences between 'genders'. The
point is, men's language is used more for vulgar or disrespectful language but women's
language is used more for public language or polite language.
Some languages ​signal the gender of the speaker in the pronoun system. This is found in the word 'I'
or the use of the word 'I'. Usually men use the word 'ore' for the informal or casual and 'boku' for the
semi-formal. While women are traditionally limited to more formal variants, such as: 'atashi' for
semi-formal, 'watashi' for formal and 'watakushi' for the most formal. However, 'watakushi' is
usually also used by men for the most formal as well. And in fact, many modern Japanese girls have
violated these rules.

Gender differences in language are often just one aspect of more pervasive linguistic
differences in the society reflecting social status or power differences. If a community
is very hierarchical, for instance, and within each level of the hierarchy men are more
powerful than women, then linguistic differences between the speech of women and
men may be just one dimension of more extensive differences reflecting the social
hierarchy as a whole . In Bengali society, for instance, a younger person should not
address a superior by first name. Similarly, a wife, being subordinate to her husband,
is not permitted to use his name.
From the explanation above, there is a fact that there are differences in pronunciation
between men and women.
Gender prefential speech
features : social dialect
research
A preferential feature is one that is distributed across
speakers or groups, but is used more frequently by
some than by others. in Western urban communities
where women’s and men’s social roles overlap, the
speech forms they use also overlap. In other words,
women and men do not use completely different
forms. They use different quantities or frequencies of
the same forms.
example :
women : use more-ing in pronounciation : swimming,
dancing,typing
men use more in’ in pronounciation : swimmin’, dancin’,
typin’
those example is called gender preferential
women tend to prefer standard forms, men prefer vernacular forms

Example 4
Keith was a 7-year-old Canadian from Vancouver whose parents were
working for six months in the city of Leeds in Yorkshire, England (see map
page 154 ). He had been enrolled at the local school, and after his f rst day
Keith came home very confused. ‘What’s your teacher’s name?’ asked his
father. ‘ She says she’s Mrs Hall,’ said Keith, ‘but when the boys call her
Mizall she still answers them. And the girls sometimes call her Mrs Hall and
sometimes Mizall . It sounds very funny.’

women pronounce Mrs. Hall with less (h)-dropping than men

Men pronounce Mrs. Hall with more (h) dropping, and it becomes mizall
 Gender and Social Class
Women increasingly engage in paid employment. Paid employment . More
likely to be employed than less-educated women.

Current social psychological research on class-based iden-Tification with self

versus other.

Social class, like gender, generates meanings and expec-Tations ascribed to

objective characteristics of individuals.

Upper class, relative to middle class, women . Women’s identification as female

while potentially inter-Fering with class-based identification.

Environments women face at work and at home. That do consider employment

choices report nonsignifi-Cant effects for gender .
Explanations of women’s linguistic behaviour

‘Why can’t a woman be more like a man?’ ( My Fair

Lady )

•The first appeals to social class and its related

status for an explanation,
•The second refers to women’s role in society,
•The third to women’s status as a subordinate
group,
•The fourth to the function of speech in expressing
gender identity, and especially masculinity.
 The social status explanation
• Some linguists have suggested that women use more standard speech forms
than men because they are more status-conscious than men.
• The claim is that women are more aware of the fact that the way they speak
signals their social class background or social status in the community.
• Standard speech forms are generally associated with high social status, and so,
according to this explanation, women use more standard speech forms as a way of
claiming such status.

Example:
The younger women in Ballymacarrett, a suburb of Belfast, found work outside the
community, and used a much higher percentage of linguistic features associated
with high status groups than the older women who were working at home.

A variation on this explanation suggests that women have few other sources of
prestige, language may become especially significant as a social resource for
constructing a professional identity.
 guardian of
society’s values
Women use more standard forms than men points to the way
society tends to expect ‘better’ behaviour from women than
from men. Little boys are generally allowed more freedom
than little girls. following this argument, society expects
women to speak more correctly and standardly than men,
especially when they are serving as models for children’s
speech.
This explanation of why women use more standard forms
than men may be relevant in some social groups, but it is
certainly not true for all. Interactions between a mother and
her child are likely to be very relaxed and informal, and it is
in relaxed informal contexts that vernacular forms occur
most often in everyone’s speech.
It seems odd to explain women’s greater use of more
standard speech forms (collected in formal tape-recorded
interviews) by referring to a woman’s role as a speech
model in her very intimate and mainly unobserved
interactions with her child.
 Subordinate must be polite
Its means that women use more standard forms than men,
because children and women are subordinate groups and they
must be avoid offending men, therefore they must speak
carefully and politely.

The term 'women's subordination' refers to the inferior position

of women, their lack of access to resources and decision and to
the patriarchal domination that women are subjected to in most
societies.
X Y
Thank You
Z X