DEDUCTIVE

• Deductive thinking method is a method of

drawing conclusions from general
problems to specific problems.
• The deductive law that everything that is
considered true for all events in a
group/category/classification is also true
for a particular event (particular), if the
particular thing is actually a
part/type/class of the general.
• The purpose of deductive reasoning is to
find a causal explanation of why a
phenomenon occurs or what phenomena
will occur.
• The deductive working principle uses a logical
syllogism, which is a logical process
(argument) which consists of three parts: the
major premise, the minor premise, and the
conclusion.
• The main premise is the stage of conception,
which is laying a theoretical foundation that
shows general propositions in the form of
theories and or laws that have been considered
true and relevant to the phenomena being
considered.
• Minor premise is a judgment stage, namely as
a stage of consideration in settling a case for a
special phenomenon that is thought of on a
general concept, that a special phenomenon is
a part/type/class of the general one.
• The conclusion is the reasoning stage, namely
the stage of drawing conclusions that all
elements, properties, characteristics that exist
in the major premise also apply to the minor
premise.
A Research Title
The relationship between the frequency
of reading newspapers with the level of
general knowledge of high school
students in the city of Bandung.
B The theory used
Uses and Gratification Theory/Model
which states that the use of mass media
by the audience is to fulfill their need for
information.

Compose a logical syllogism from the

research.
Main premise:
Minor premise:
Conclusion:
• Deductive problem
• Material error (material) is a material
error in both the major and minor
premises; if one (especially if both) is
wrong, then no conclusion can be
drawn.
• Example
• Pmr.: Mass media is influential
• to the attitude of the people.
• Pmn.: Telephone is a mass medium
(?)
• Ksp.: ????

• Pmr.: Mass media has no effect

• to the attitude of the audience
(?).
• Pmn.: Newspaper is a type of mass
media.
•
b Formal Error (Form) is a form of
syllogism in which the major premise is
not something general from the minor
premise, so even though the
statements (propositions) are true, the
conclusion will be false.
b Example
b Pmr.: Mass media is influential
b to public attitudes.
b Pmn.: Mass media is a tool for
b communicate.
b Ksp.: ???

b Pmr.: Newspapers are a type of mass

media
b Pmn.: Television is a type of mass
media
b Ksp.: ???
• Types of Syllogism
• Categorical Syllogism
• Categorical syllogism is a deductive
structure in the form of a logical
process consisting of three parts, each
part of which is a categorical statement
(unconditional statement).
• Categorical syllogism form
• a. Pmr.: Stealing (M) is haram (F)
• Pmn.:Corruption (S) is stealing (M)
• Ksp.: So corruption (S) is haram (P)
• The rule: the minor premise must be
affirmative (affirmative), while the
major premise is general (universal).
b. Pmr.: It's not lawful (FP to steal it (M)
Pmn.: Corruption (S) is stealing (M)
Ksp.: Corruption (S) is not halal (P)
The rule: one of the premises must be
negative, and the main premise is
universal.

c. Pmr.: Stealing (M) is haram (P)

Pmn.: One of the acts of stealing
(M) is corruption (S)
Ksp.: Corruption (S) is haram (P)
S = Subject. P = Predicate
M = intermediate term that shows the
reason why S and P are combined or
separated in the conclusion.
• Compound Syllogism
• In the syllogism principle, S and P are
united based on M. In a compound
syllogism using more than one M. In
other words, the syllogism is expanded
into a series using more than one M.
• Example
• People who do not control their
desires, will want a thousand and one
things.
• People who want a thousand and one
items need a lot.
• People who have many needs do not
feel at peace.
• So, one who does not control his
desires will not have peace of mind.
• Hypothetical Syllogism
• a. Conditional (conditional) syllogism is
a syllogism whose main premise is a
conditional decision.
• Conditional decision = a decision that
contains a condition that consists of two
parts, one of which is declared true if
the conditions stated in the other part
are met.
• Example
• If Samsudin studies diligently, he will
pass the exam with very good marks.
• The conditional verdict is true if the
conditional relationship stated in it is
true, and the verdict will be false if the
conditional relationship is not true.
• Example
• If Samsudin passed the test, then he
had to repeat it.
• In a hypothetical syllogism (as well as in a
hypothetical proposition) there are two
categorical propositions. The first
proposition is called the antecedent and the
second proposition is called the
consequent. While the words 'if' and 'then'
are copula.
• If Samsudin studies diligently (antecedents)
• Then Samsudin will pass the exam with a
very good score (consequently).
• b. A disjunctive syllogism is a syllogism
whose minor premise consists of a
disjunctive conclusion. This minor premise
can be affirmative (confirm), or negative
(deny) any of the possibilities mentioned in
the major premise.
• A disjunctive decision is a decision that
contains a choice between two or more
possibilities stated in the sentence.... or ….
Types of disjunctive syllogism
1). A disjunctive syllogism in the broadest sense
is one in which the main premise has an
alternative, not a contradiction.
Example
Andi reads the newspaper or reads a book
It turns out that Andi doesn't read the newspaper
So Andi reads a book

2). A disjunctive syllogism in a narrow sense

where the main premise is alternatively
contradictory.
Example
Andi reads the newspaper or doesn't read the
newspaper
It turns out that Andi reads the newspaper
So, Andi is not not reading the newspaper