BASIC

CALCULUS
GABRIEL PANGANIBAN
LIMIT LAWS

Are simple formulas that

help us evaluate limits
precisely.

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 Constant Law

This law deals with

constant functions
(horizontal lines).
Since y is always
equal to k, it
doesn't matter
what x
approaches.

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 Identity
Law

This law deals with

the function y=x.
Since y and x are
equal, whatever
value x
approaches, y will
have to approach
the same value.
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 Addition Law Subtraction Law

This simply means, when we take the limit of

an addition, we can just take the limit of each
term individually, then add the results.

Essentially the same as the Addition Law, but

for subtraction. Work with each term
separately, then subtract the results.

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 Constant Coefficient Law Multiplication Law

If your function has a coefficient, you can take the limit

of the function first, and then multiply by the
coefficient.

If the function involves the product of two (or more)

factors, we can just take the limit of each factor, then
multiply the results together. 6
Power Law

When taking limits with exponents, you

can take the limit of the function first,
and then apply the exponent. But you
have to be careful! If the exponent is
negative, then the limit of the function
can't be zero!

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 Division Law

The Division Law tells us we can simply

find the limit of the numerator and the
denominator separately, as long as we
don't get zero in the denominator.

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Root Law Composition Law

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 DIFFERENTIATION
LAWS

Determining the derivative of a function from first principles

requires a long calculation and it is easy to make mistakes.
However, we can use this method of finding the derivative
from first principles to obtain rules which make finding the
derivative of a function much simpler.

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 Equations

The derivative of a constant multiplied by a

function is equal to the constant multiplied by The derivative of a constant is equal to zero.
the derivative of the function.

The derivative of a sum is equal to the sum of The derivative of a difference is equal to the
the derivatives. difference of the derivatives.

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Examples

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 CHAIN LAWS

The chain rule tells us how to find the derivative of a composite

function.

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Because h is composite, we can
differentiate it using the chain rule:

Described verbally, the rule says that the

derivative of the composite function is
the inner function g within the derivative
of the outer function f, multiplied by the
derivative of the inner function g.
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 Now let's apply
the chain rule:

Before applying the

rule, let's find the
derivatives of the
inner and outer
functions:

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