Chapter 3

Instruction Set Architectures

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 Chapter Outline
• Programming Languages
• Assembly Languages
• Instruction Set Architecture Design
• A Relatively Simple ISA
• ISA of the 8085 microprocessor

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 Programming Languages
• High level languages
• Assembly languages
• Machine languages

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Compilation Process

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Assembly Process

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Java Applets

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Assembly Language Attributes
• Instruction types
• Data types
• Addressing modes
• Instruction formats

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 Instruction Types
• Data transfer
• Data operation
• Program control

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 Data Types
• Numeric (integer, floating point)
• Boolean (true, false)
• Character (ASCII, Unicode)

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Addressing modes - Direct

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Addressing modes - Indirect

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Addressing modes - Register
Direct

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Addressing modes - Register
Indirect
@R

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Addressing modes -
Immediate

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Addressing modes - Implicit

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Addressing modes - Relative

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Addressing modes - Indexed

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 Instruction Formats
• More operands = less instructions
• More operands = larger words

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3-operand Instructions

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2-operand Instructions

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1-operand Instructions

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0-operand Instructions

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 Instruction Set Architecture
• Instruction set
• Register set
• Memory access information

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 ISA Attributes
• Completeness
• Orthogonality
• Register set design

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 ISA Requirements
• Backward compatibility?
• Data types/sizes
• Interrupts?
• Conditional instructions?

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 A Relatively Simple ISA -
Registers
• Accumulator AC
• General purpose register R
• Flag Z

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A Relatively Simple ISA -
Instruction Set

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 A Relatively Simple ISA -
Instruction Set (continued)

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A Relatively Simple ISA -
Instruction Formats

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 Example Relatively Simple
Program n
1  2  ...  n, or i
i 1

This could be written as a high-level language

code snippet as follows.
total=0;
FOR i=1 to n DO {total = total + i};
1. total = 0, i = 0
2. i = i + 1
3. total = total + i
4. IF i  n THEN GOTO 2
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Example Relatively Simple
Program Code

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Example Relatively Simple
Program Trace

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 A Relatively Simple ISA -
Analysis
• Completeness
• Orthogonality
• Register set design

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 The 8085 ISA - Registers
• Accumulator A
• General purpose registers B, C, D, E,
H, L
• Stack pointer SP
• Flags S, Z, P, CY, AC

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The 8085 ISA - Instruction Set
• Data movement instructions

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The 8085 ISA - Instruction Set
• Data operation instructions

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The 8085 ISA - Instruction Set
• Program control instructions

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The 8085 ISA - Instruction
Formats

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 Example 8085 Program
n
1  2  ...  n, or ii 1

1. i = n, sum = 0
2. sum = sum + i, i = i - 1
3. IF i  0 THEN GOTO 2
4. total = sum
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Example 8085 Program Code

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Example 8085 Program Trace

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 The 8085 ISA - Analysis
• Completeness
• Orthogonality
• Register set design

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 Summary
• Programming Languages
• ISA Design

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