Internal computer architecture

Understand and apply the basic machine-code operations of: • load • add • subtract • store • branching (conditional and unconditional) •
compare • logical bitwise operators (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) • logical • shift right • shift left • halt.
Use the basic machine-code operations above when machine-code instructions are expressed in mnemonic form- assembly language, using
immediate and direct addressing

Typical mnemonics for data transfer, arithmetic, branch and compare instructions:

Mnemonic Instruction

HALT End program (Halt)

ADD Rd, Rn <operand> Add the value specified in <operand> to the value in register n and store the
result in register d
SUB Rd, Rn <operand> Subtract the value in operand from the value in register n and store the result
in register d
STR Rd, <memory ref> Store the value that is in register d into memory location <memory ref>
LDR Rd, <memory ref> Load the value stored in memory location <memory ref> into register d
B <label> Always branch to the instruction at position <label> in the program
BEQ <label> Conditionally branch to the instruction at position <label> in the program if
equal to
BNE <label> Conditionally branch to the instruction at position <label> in the program if
not equal to
BGT <label> Conditionally branch to the instruction at position <label> in the program if
greater than
BLT <label> Conditionally branch to the instruction at position <label> in the program if
less than
MOV Rd, <operand> Copy the value specified in <operand> into register d
CMP Rn, <operand> Compare the value store in register n with the value specified in <operand>

Assembly language instructions for logical operations:

Mnemonic Instruction

AND Rd, Rn, <operand>
ORR Rd, Rn, <operand>
EOR Rd, Rn <operand>
MVN Rd <operand>
LSL Rd, Rn <operand>
LSR Rd, Rn <operand>
HALT
Perform a bitwise logical AND operation between the value in register n and
the value specified by <operand>, store the result in register d
Perform a bitwise logical OR operation between the value in register n and the
value specified by <operand>, store the result in register d
Perform a bitwise logical XOR operation between the value in register n and
the value specified by <operand>, store the result in register d
Perform a bitwise logical NOT operation on the value specified by <operand>,
store the result in register d
Logically shift left the value stored in register n by the number of bits specified
by <operand>, store the result in d
Logically shift right the value stored in register n by the number of bits
specified by <operand>, store the result in d
End program (Halt)

<operand> can be interpreted in two different ways, depending on whether the first symbol is a # or
an R:

 # - use the decimal value specified after the #, e.g. #38 means use the decimal number 38
 Rn - use the value stored in register n e.g R7 means use the value stored in register 7