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Introduction to Functions
Functions
Domain and Range
Properties of Functions
Transformations
Functions
Functions > Introduction to Functions
Introduction to Functions
• Functions and Their Notation
• Graphical Representations of Functions
• The Vertical Line Test
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/functions-4/introduction-to-functions-28/
Functions > Domain and Range
Domain and Range

• Introduction to Domain and Range
• Visualizing Domain and Range
• Domains of Rational and Radical Functions
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/functions-4/domain-and-range-29/
Functions > Properties of Functions
Properties of Functions
• Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Functions
• Relative Minima and Maxima
• Piecewise Functions
• One-to-One Functions
• Symmetry of Functions
• Even and Odd Functions
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/functions-4/properties-of-functions-30/
Functions > Transformations
Transformations
• Transformations of Functions
• Translations
• Reflections
• Stretching and Shrinking
www.boundless.com/algebra/textbooks/boundless-algebra-textbook/functions-4/transformations-31/
Appendix
Functions
Key terms
• absolute value For a real number, its numerical value without regard to its sign; formally, times the number if the number is
negative, and the number unmodified if it is zero or positive.
• additive inverse The opposite with respect of addition.
• constant function A function whose value is the same for all the elements of its domain.
• decreasing function Any function of a real variable whose value decreases (or is constant) as the variable increases.
• dependent variable The dependant variable in an equation or function is that whose value depends on one or more
independant variables in the equation or function.
• domain The set of all points over which a function is defined.
• domain The set of all points over which a function is defined.
• extremum A point, or value, which is a maximum or a minimum.
• function A function is a relation in which each element of the input is associated with exactly one element of the output.
• function A relationship between two quantities, called the input and the output; for each input, there is exactly one output.
• function Any mathematical formula that produces one and only one result for each input.
• function A relation in which each element of the input is associated with exactly one element of the output.
Functions
• graph A diagram displaying data; in particular one showing the relationship between two or more quantities, measurements, or
numbers.
• horizontal translation A shift of the function along the -axis.
• increasing function Any function of a real variable whose value increases (or is constant) as the variable increases.
• independent variable An independent variable in an equation or function is one whose value is not dependent on any other in
the equation or function.
• injective function A function that preserves distinctness: it never maps distinct elements of its domain to the same element of
its codomain.
• maximum The greatest value of a set.
• minimum The smallest value of a set.
• output The output is the result or answer from a function.
• parity A set with the property of having all of its elements belonging to one of two disjoint subsets, especially a set of integers
split in subsets of even and odd elements.
• piecewise function A function in which more than one formula is used to define the output over different pieces of the domain.
• radicand The number or expression underneath the radical sign.
• range The set of values the function takes on as output.
Functions
• range The set of values (points) which a function can obtain.

• rational expression An expression that can be written as the quotient of two polynomials.
• reflection Mirror image of a function.
• Reflection A mirror image of a function across a given line.
• relation A relation is a connection between numbers in one set and numbers in another.
• rotation Spins the function around the origin.
• Scaling Changes the size and/or the shape of the function.
• scaling A transformation that changes the size and/or shape of the graph of the function.
• subdomain A domain that is part of a larger domain.
• symmetry A property in mathematics where an object can undergo a transformation while preserving its properties.
• translation Shift of an entire function in a specific direction.
• translation A shift of the whole function by a specified amount.
Functions
• vertical line test A visual test that determines whether a curve is a function or not by examining the number of -values
associated with each -value that lies on the curve.
• vertical translation A shift of the function along the -axis.
Functions
Ordered pairs
This mapping or set of ordered pairs is a function because the points do not make a vertical line. This is called the vertical line test of a function. It
shows that for every input there is exactly one output value.
Julien Coyne. "Original figure by Julien Coyne. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0." CC BY-SA 3.0 View on Boundless.com
Functions
Horizontal reflection
The function is reflected over the -axis.
Functions
Domain and range graph

The graph of (red) has the same domain (input values) as the graph of (blue) since all real numbers can be input values. However, the range of the red
graph is restricted to only , or -values above or equal to . The range of the blue graph is all real numbers, .
Functions
Graph of a function being translated

The function is translated by two in the positive direction (up).
Functions
Horizontal translation
The function is translated both left and right by two.
Functions
Vertical reflection
Functions
Vertical translations
The function is translated both up and down by two.
Functions
Reflection over
The function is reflected over the line .
Functions
Vertical scaling
The function is stretched by a factor of three in the direction.
Functions
Horizontal scaling
The function is shrunk by a factor of three in the direction.
Functions
Domain and range graph

The blue graph is the trigonometric function with a domain of and a restricted range of (output values only exist between to . The red graph is the
function with a restricted domain of , and also a restricted range of .
Functions
Radical function
The graph of the equation: . The function has the domain of all real numbers greater than or equal to , as shown in the graph above.
Functions
Rational function with restricted domain

The graph of the function: , where the domain is restricted at since the function does not exist at those points.
Wikipedia. "600px-RationalDegree3.svg.png." CC0 1.0 Universal https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RationalDegree3.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Rational Function Dividing by

A graph of the equation: . To determine the domain of this function, we can graph it and look for where the function doesn't exist, in this case when .
Functions
Radical Function
The function consists of a restricted domain of , or non-negative real numbers, since we can not take the square root of a negative number.
Wikipedia. "Square Root Function Graph." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root#/media/File:Square_root_0_25.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Absolute value graph

The graph of the function,, fails the horizontal line test and is therefore not a one-to-one function.
Wikimedia commons. "Absolute_value.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Absolute_value.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Horizontal line test

Because the horizontal line crosses the graph of the function more than once, it fails the horizontal line test and cannot be one-to-one.
Wikipedia. "Horizontal-test-fail.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Horizontal-test-fail.png?uselang=en-ca
View on Boundless.com
Functions
Increasing Decreasing Function Graph

For the function pictured above, the curve is decreasing across the intervals: and increasing on the interval .
Openstax. "Increasing Decreasing Function Graph.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:83kZ17SW@9/Rates-of-Change-and-Behavior-o
Functions
Constant Function
The graph of illustrates a constant function.
Wikipedia. "Constant Function." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_function#/media/File:Wiki_constant_function_175_200.png
Functions
Examples of Relative and Global Extrema

This graph has examples of all four possibilities: relative (local) maximum and minimum, and global maximum and minimum.
Wikipedia. "Extrema example original." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extrema_example_original.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Global Max and Min Graph

For the function pictured above, the absolute maximum occurs twice at and the absolute minimum is at .
Openstax. "Global max and min Graph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:83kZ17SW@9/Rates-of-Change-and-Behavior-o
Functions
Parabola graph
The graph of the function fails the horizontal line test and is therefore not a one-to-one function. If a horizontal line can go through two or more points on
the function's graph then the function is not one-to-one.
Wikimedia Commons. "500px-Function_x^2.svg.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Function_x%5E2.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Piecewise function: absolute value

The piecewise function, , is the graph of the absolute value function. Each part of the function is graphed based upon the specific domain chosen.
Wikimedia Commons. "Absolute_value.png." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Absolute_value.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Symmetry Parabola
The function shows an axis of symmetry about the line . The curve is split into equivalent halves. Notice that the -intercepts are reflected points over
the axis of symmetry and are equidistant from the axis.
Openstax. "Symmetry Parabola.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/E6wQevFf@5.241:-Sm9he1Q@12/Quadratic-Functions View on Boundless.com
Functions
Reflection
A function can be reflected over the or axis. If the function looks the same after the reflection, the function is symmetric over that axis.
Openstax. "Reflection Image.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/E6wQevFf@5.241:X2_wKhAA@7/Transformation-of-Functions View on Boundless.com
Functions
Line graph
This is the graph of the function . The function is linear, since the highest degree in the function is a . Only two points are required to graph a linear
function.
Functions
Function Machine
A function takes an input and returns an output . One metaphor describes the function as a "machine", that for each input returns a corresponding
output.
Wikipedia. "Function machine2." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Function_machine2.svg View on Boundless.com
Functions
Relative Max and Min graph

This curve shows a relative minimum at and relative maximum at .
Openstax. "Relative Max and Min Graph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:83kZ17SW@9/Rates-of-Change-and-Behavior-o
Functions
Not a Function
The vertical line test demonstrates that a circle is not a function.
OpenStax. "Functions and Function Notation." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/11f4eacc-c348-4836-8c5b-747577d249ca@6 View on Boundless.com
Functions
Cubic graph
Graph of the cubic function . The degree of the function is 3, therefore it is a cubic function.
Functions
Local Maximum Minimum Graph

For the function pictured, the local maximum is at the -value of 16, and it occurs when . The local minimum is at the -value of−16 and it occurs when .
Openstax. "Max Min Graph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:83kZ17SW@9/Rates-of-Change-and-Behavior-o View on Boundless.com
Functions
Symmetry: even function?

The function pictured above is not even because the graph is not symmetric about the -axis. For example the point does not reflect onto the point .
Functions
Symmetry: odd function?

The function, is odd since the graph is symmetric about the origin. One can also check that any point is symmetric about the origin: for example, does
yield ? Yes, those two points are symmetric about the origin.
Functions
Graph of a function being reflected

Functions
Graph of a function being scaled

The function is scaled by a factor of two.
Functions
Fruit Halving Function

This shows a function that takes a fruit as input and releases half the fruit as output.
Wikibooks. "Apple slicing function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Apple_slicing_function.png View on Boundless.com
Functions
Mapping of a Function
The oval on the left is the domain of the function , and the oval on the right is the range. The green arrows show how each member of the domain is
mapped to a particular value of the range.
Wikibooks. "Allowed mapping for a function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/File:Allowed_mapping_for_a_function.png View on Boundless.com
Functions
Types of Functions
The function is increasing on the -axis from negative infinity to and also from to positive infinity. The interval notation is written as: . The function is
decreasing on on the interval: .
Open Stax. "Types of Function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:83kZ17SW@9/Rates-of-Change-and-Behavior-o View on Boundless.com
Functions
Piecewise Function
The piecewise function has three parts (pieces). Depending on the value of the domain, each piece is different.
Openstax. "Graphing Piecewise Function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:Viw3N6k9@6/Domain-and-Range View on Boundless.com
Functions
Symmetry about a point

The graph above has symmetry since the points labeled are reflected over the origin.
Openstax. "odd function symmetry.jpg." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://cnx.org/contents/E6wQevFf@5.241:X2_wKhAA@7/Transformation-of-Functions
Functions
Vertical Line Test

Note that in the top graph, a single vertical line drawn where the red dots are plotted would intersect the curve 3 times. Thus, it fails the vertical line test
and does not represent a function. Any vertical line in the bottom graph passes through only once and hence passes the vertical line test, and thus
represents a function.
Wikipedia. "Vertical line test." CC0 1.0 Universal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_line_test#/media/File:Vertical_line_test.png View on Boundless.com
Functions
Applying the Vertical Line Test

Which graphs represent functions?
OpenStax. "Functions and Function Notation." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/11f4eacc-c348-4836-8c5b-747577d249ca@6 View on Boundless.com
Functions
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "function." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)
• Wikipedia. "Domain of a function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_a_function
• Wiktionary. "domain." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domain
• Wikipedia. "range." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(mathematics)
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Functions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Functions%23Domain_and_Range
• Wikidot. "Transformations - IB Math Stuff." CC BY-SA http://ibmathstuff.wikidot.com/transformations
• Wikipedia. "Symmetry in mathematics." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_(geometry)
• Wikipedia. "Symmetry in mathematics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_mathematics
• Openstax. "Symmetry in math." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/contents/E6wQevFf@5.241:4BfLAtSU@7/Power-Functions-and-Polynomial
• Wikipedia. "Maxima and minima." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima
• Wiktionary. "maximum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maximum
• Wiktionary. "extremum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extremum
• Openstax. "maximum and minimum." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/contents/mwjClAV_@3.314:83kZ17SW@9/Rates-of-Change-and-Behavior-o
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/minimum
• Wiktionary. "vector." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vector
• Wikipedia. "Translation (geometry)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Absolute Value." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Absolute_Value%23Translations
Functions

• Wikipedia. "Rational function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_function
• Wikipedia. "square root." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root
• Wiktionary. "polynomial." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polynomial
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//algebra/definition/rational-expression
• Wikipedia. "function." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)
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• Wiktionary. "range." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/range
• Wiktionary. "domain." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domain
• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Functions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Functions%23Domain_and_Range
• Wikipedia. "Piecewise functions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise_functions
• Wiktionary. "subdomain." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subdomain
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• even and odd functions. "Openstax." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://cnx.org/contents/E6wQevFf@5.241:X2_wKhAA@7/Transformation-of-Functions
Functions
• Wikipedia. "Transformation (function)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(function)

• YouTube. "Rotation of a Function." Youtube License https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Mle83Jiy7k
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• Wiktionary. "output." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/output
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• Wiktionary. "reflection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reflection
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• Wiktionary. "graph." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/graph
• Wiktionary. "dependent variable." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dependent_variable
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Functions
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• Wiktionary. "decreasing function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decreasing_function
• Wikipedia. "Constant function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_function
• Wiktionary. "constant function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/constant_function
• Wiktionary. "increasing function." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/increasing_function
• Wikipedia. "Vertical line test." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_line_test
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• Boundless. "Functions and Their Notation." CC BY-SA 4.0 https://www.boundless.com/atoms/5828

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Domain and Range

Domain and Range

• range The set of values (points) which a function can obtain.

Domain and range graph

Graph of a function being translated

Domain and range graph

Rational function with restricted domain

Rational Function Dividing by

Absolute value graph

Horizontal line test

Increasing Decreasing Function Graph

Examples of Relative and Global Extrema

Global Max and Min Graph

Piecewise function: absolute value

Relative Max and Min graph

Local Maximum Minimum Graph

Symmetry: even function?

Symmetry: odd function?

Graph of a function being reflected

Graph of a function being scaled

Fruit Halving Function

Symmetry about a point

Vertical Line Test

Applying the Vertical Line Test

• Wikidot. "Transformations - IB Math Stuff." CC BY-SA http://ibmathstuff.wikidot.com/transformations

• Wikipedia. "Transformation (function)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(function)

• Wikibooks. "Algebra/Function Graphing." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algebra/Function_Graphing

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