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II&CT Lecture # 02 Generations Classifications
II&CT Lecture # 02 Generations Classifications
& C O M M U N I C AT I O N
TECHNOLOGIES.
(Classifications and History of Computers)
Lecture # 02
By:
Khurram Bajwa
Department
of C S & IT.
1
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S .
( O N T H E B A S I S O F S I Z E C A PA C I T Y A N D S P E E D )
2
1-SUPER C O M P U T E R S .
Leads the world in terms of processing capacity,
particularly speed of calculation
Can handle gigantic amount of scientific
computation
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1-SUPER COMPUTERS.(Conti.)
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2-M AIN F R A M E C O M P U T E R S (C ONTI .)
⚫ These are large and fast computers usually
housed in a controlled environment.
⚫ Multi-user environment, have the ability to
service more than 100 terminals at a time
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3-M INI C O M P U T E R S .
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3-Mini Computers.
(Conti.)
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4-M ICRO C O M P U T E R S .
A personal computer; designed
to meet the computer needs of
an individual.
Example:
⚫ Desktop computers
⚫ laptop computers
⚫ handhelds
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4-Micro Computers.
(Conti.)
Workstation
Workstations are similar like Desktop PCs but
unlike desktops, they have high end processing speed
for specific software
Used for Graphic Designing, Special effects for
12
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS.
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer
that functions as a component in a larger product
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14
E A R LY H I S T O RY O F C O M P U T I N G
Abacus
An early device to record numeric values
Blaise Pascal
Joseph Jacquard
Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card
Charles Babbage
Analytical Engine
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E A R LY H I S T O RY O F C O M P U T I N G
Abacus
An early device to record numeric values
We normally do not call it a computer, but a computing
device.
16
source: http://www.ee.ryerson.ca:8080/~elf/abacus/intro.html
BLAISE PASCAL
In 1642 Blaise Pascal, a Frenchman invented a
new kind of computing device.
It used wheels instead of beads. Each wheel had
ten notches, numbered '0' to '9'. When a wheel was
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G OT T F R I E D L E I B N I T Z
Leibnitz improved on Pascal's adding machine so
that it could also perform multiplication, division
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J O S E P H J AC Q UA R D
In the late 1700s in France, Joseph
Jacquard invented a way to
control the pattern on a weaving
loom to make fabric.
He used punched cards to
allow only some rods to bring the
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Babbage continued work to produce a full scale working Difference
Engine for 10 years, but in 1833 he lost interest because he had a
"better idea"--the construction of what today would be described as
a general-purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical
digital computer.
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G E N E R AT I O N S O F E L E C T R O N I C C O M P U T E R S .
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F I R S T G E N E R AT I O N C O M P U T E R S (1940-1956)
The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to
enormous,
o Magnetic Drum
Memory device that rotated under a
read/write head
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Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.
S E C O N D G E N E R AT IO N
H ARDW ARE (1956-1963)
F I R S T T R A N S I ST O R
Transistor
Replaced vacuum tube, fast,
small, durable, cheap
Magnetic Cores
Replaced magnetic drums,
information available instantly
Magnetic Disks
Replaced magnetic tape, data
can be accessed directly
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Nadeem Akhtar CS & IT Dept. UOL, Lahore.
T H I R D G E N E R AT I O N C O M P U T E R S (1964-1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark
of the third generation of computers. Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
Machine Language
Computer programs written in binary (1s and 0s)
Programmer Changes
Programmers divide into two groups: application
programmers and systems programmers
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F I R S T G E N E R AT I O N
S O F T WA R E (1941-
1956)
A S S E M B LY /M AC H I N
E
High-level Languages
English-like statements made programming easier:
Fortran, COBOL, Lisp
Systems
programmers
write translators for
high-level languages
Application
programmers
use high-level
languages to
solve problems
37
Systems Software
Utility programs
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T H IR D G E N E R AT IO N
S OFTW ARE (1964-1971)
Structured Programming
New
Appli
catio
n
Soft 40
ware
F IF T H G E N E R AT IO N S OFTW ARE
(1990- PRESENT )
Microsoft
Windows operating system and other Microsoft application
programs dominate the market
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