Clause Class

• Coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS

Coordination (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
• When two clauses are combined
VS. by a coordinating conjunction,
coordination occurs.
Subordination
• In the meantime, when two clauses
are combined by a subordinating
conjunction (if, when, because,
although, after, since, etc.) or have a
WH element (what, who, which, how,
etc.) and a non finite predicator (Vi,
Ving, or Ven), subordination occurs.
Clause Complexes
• Se MCl[You scratch my back] and MCl[I’ll scratch yours.]
• Se MCl[The person SCl[whose back I scratch] should scratch
mine.]
• Se MCl[SCl[That earth is round] and SCl[that it can be
circumnavigated] was once a surprising fact.]
• Se MCl[It would be best SCl[if you told everyone.]]
• Se MCl[ SCl[Taught by his mother,] Tom can pass the exam.]
 That-Clauses

• Se MCl[ NCl[That ghosts exist] is hardly controversial.]

• [My point is NCl[that plagiarism must be avoided.]]

Noun Zero That-Clauses

Clauses • [I told Jake NCL[the earth is round.]]

• [He said [that he was fine.]]
(NCl) WH-Clauses

• [[Who stole the teaspoon] is a mystery.]

• [I asked Jake [if the earth was round.]]
Adverbial Clauses (ACl)
• [They went ACl[wherever they could find work.]]
• [I lent her my saving ACl[because she was short of money.]]
• [ACl[When the weather improves], we are going on holiday.]
• [I lent him some money [so that he could buy himself a meal.]]

• ACl provides information about time, place, manner, comparison,

reason, purpose, condition, and contrast (see p. 97)
Relative Clauses (RCl)
• [Do you know (anyone RCl[that can lend me a typewriter])?]

• [Do you have (a typewriter [you can lend me])?]

• [(The year [in which I was born]) is 1997.]

• [(the house [where I spent my childhood]) has been demolished.]

Comparative Clauses (CCl)
• more … than, less … than, -er than, as … as

• [In this country, we eat (more food CCl[than we can grow]).]

• [You must have been working (harder [than I thought]).]
• I’ll do a better work than you did.
• Lions cannot run as quickly as Cheetahs could.
 [He lives PCl[in where you live].]

[They have (information [about

Prepositional what you have just said]).]
Clauses (PCl)
We bought a pair of what we need.

She conducted a study on how to

be the best athletes.
 infinitive Noun Clauses (NCli)

-Ing Noun Clauses (NCling)

Infinitive Adverbial Clauses (ACli)

Non-Finite -Ing Adverbial Clauses (ACling)

Subordinate
-En Adverbial Clauses (AClen)

Infinitive Relative Clauses (RCli)

Clauses -Ing Relative Clauses (RCli)

-En Relative Clauses (RClen)

Non-finite Comparative Clauses (CCli/CCling)

Non-finite Prepositional Clauses (PCling)