The Language Of

Medicine
11 edition th

Davi-Ellen Chabner

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 Chapter 2
Terms Pertaining to the
Body as a Whole

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 Chapter Goals
• Define terms that apply to the structural
organization of the body.
• Identify the body cavities and recognize the
organs contained within those cavities.
• Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical
divisions of the abdomen.
• Locate and name the anatomical divisions of
the back.

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 Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• Become acquainted with terms that describe
positions, directions, and planes of the body.
• Identify the meanings for new word elements
and use them to understand medical terms.

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 Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1

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Structural Organization of the Body
• CELLS
• TISSUES
• ORGANS
• SYSTEMS

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Structural Organization of the Body
Cells—The
fundamental unit of
all living things
• Major parts of a cell include:
– Chromosomes
– Nucleus
– Cell membrane
– Cytoplasm
– Mitochondria
– Endoplasmic reticulum

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Structural Organization of the Body
• CELL—The fundamental unit of all living things

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 Study Section 1
• Anabolism • Endoplasmic reticulum
• Catabolism • Genes
• Cell membrane • Karyotype
• Chromosomes • Metabolism
• Cytoplasm • Mitochondria
• DNA • Nucleus

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Structural Organization of the Body
• Cells are specialized to
carry out individual
functions.
• Identify the following in
the image
– Epithelial cell
– Fat cell
– Nerve cell
– Muscle cell

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 Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
Types of cells

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 Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
Tissues
• A tissue is a group of similar cells working
together to do a specific job.
• Different tissue types include:
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Nerve tissue

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Structural Organization of the Body
(cont’d)
• Organs: Different types of tissue
combine to form an organ

• Systems: Groups of organs working

together to perform complex
functions

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 Study Section 2
• Adipose tissue • Thyroid gland
• Cartilage • Trachea
• Epithelial cells • Ureter
• Histologist • Urethra
• Larynx • Uterus
• Pharynx • Viscera
• Pituitary gland

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 Body Cavities and Organs
Cavity Organ(s)

Cranial Brain
Thoracic Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial
tubes, thymus gland, aorta

Abdominal Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen,

pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Pelvic Portions of the small and large intestines,

bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters; uterus
and vagina in female

Spinal Nerves of the spinal cord

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 Body Cavities
• Label the body cavities in
the figure

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 Body Cavities (cont’d)
• Body cavities are the
spaces within the body
that contain internal
organs (viscera).

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 QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which body cavity contains the pleural
cavity and the mediastinum?
A. Cranial
B. Pelvic
C. Spinal
D. Thoracic

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 QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which body cavity contains the
peritoneum?
A. Abdominal
B. Pelvic
C. Spinal
D. Thoracic

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 Organs of the
Abdominopelvic and Thoracic Cavities

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Organs of the Abdominopelvic
and Thoracic Cavities (cont’d)

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 Study Section 3
• Abdominal cavity • Peritoneum
• Cranial cavity • Pleura
• Diaphragm • Pleural cavity
• Dorsal (posterior) • Spinal cavity
• Mediastinum • Thoracic cavity
• Pelvic cavity • Ventral (anterior)

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 Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
Regions
Right hypochondriac region
Left hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Right lumbar region
Left lumbar region
Umbilical region
Right inguinal region
Left inguinal region
Hypogastric region

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Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)

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 Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d)

Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region

Epigastric region

Left lumbar region

Right lumbar region
Umbilical region

Right inguinal region Left inguinal region

Hypogastric region

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 Abdominopelvic Regions and
Quadrants
• Quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
(cont’d)

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 Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2

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 Anatomical Divisions of the Back
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
• Coccygeal

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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
(cont’d)

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Anatomical Divisions of the Back
(cont’d)

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral
Coccygeal

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 Study Section 4
• Abdominopelvic • Abdominopelvic
Regions: Quadrants:
Hypochondriac RUQ
Epigastric LUQ
Lumbar
RLQ
Umbilical
Inguinal LLQ
Hypogastric

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 Study Section 4 (cont’d)
• Divisions of the Back: • Related Terms:
Cervical Vertebra
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Spinal column
Sacral Spinal cord
Coccygeal Disk (disc)

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 QUICK QUIZ:
3. Name the abdominopelvic region that is
located in the central region near the navel.
A. Inguinal
B. Umbilical
C. Lumbar
D. Hypochondriac

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 QUICK QUIZ:
(cont’d)
4. Name the abdominopelvic region that is
located in the lower middle below the
umbilical region.
A. Inguinal
B. Epigastric
C. Lumbar
D. Hypogastric

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Positions, Directions, and Planes of
the Body

•Positional and Directional Terms

 Anterior (ventral)  Inferior
 Posterior (dorsal)  Superior
 Deep  Medial
 Superficial  Lateral
 Proximal  Supine
 Distal  Prone

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Positional and Directional Terms

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Positional and Directional Terms
(cont’d) Superior Anterior
(ventral)

Posterior
(dorsal)

Deep
Superficial

Proximal Lateral
Medial
Distal
Supine

Prone
Inferior
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 Positions, Directions, and
Planes of the Body (cont’d)
• Planes of the Body
Frontal (coronal)
Sagittal (lateral)
Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)

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Positional and Directional Terms

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Positional and Directional Terms (cont’d)

Frontal (coronal)

Sagittal (lateral)

Transverse (axial)

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 Study Section 5
• Anterior (ventral) • Prone
• Deep • Proximal
• Distal • Sagittal (lateral) plane
• Frontal (coronal) plane • Superficial
• Inferior (caudal) • Superior (cephalic)
• Lateral • Supine
• Medial • Transverse (axial) plane
• Posterior (dorsal)

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes
Combining Form Meaning

abdomin/o __________
adip/o __________
anter/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes, and
Prefixes
Combining Form Meaning

abdomin/o abdomen

adip/o fat

anter/o front

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

cervic/o __________
chondr/o __________
chrom/o __________
coccyg/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus)

chondr/o cartilage

chrom/o color

coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

crani/o __________
cyt/o __________
dist/o __________
dors/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

crani/o skull

cyt/o cell

dist/o far, distant

dors/o back portion of the body

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

hist/o, histi/o __________

ili/o __________
inguin/o __________
kary/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

hist/o, histi/o tissue

ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone)

inguin/o groin

kary/o nucleus

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

later/o __________
lumb/o __________
medi/o __________
nucle/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

later/o side

lumb/o lower back

medi/o middle

nucle/o nucleus

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

pelv/i __________
poster/o __________
proxim/o __________
sacr/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

pelv/i pelvis

poster/o back, behind

proxim/o nearest

sacr/o sacrum

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

sarc/o __________
spin/o __________
thel/o, theli/o __________
thorac/o __________
trache/o __________
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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

sarc/o flesh

spin/o spine, backbone

thel/o, theli/o nipple

thorac/o chest

trache/o trachea, windpipe

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

umbilic/o __________
ventr/o __________
vertebr/o _____________

viscer/o __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Combining Form Meaning

umbilic/o navel, umbilicus

ventr/o belly side of the body

vertebr/o vertebra(e), backbone(s)

viscer/o internal organs

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Prefixes Meaning

ana- __________
cata- __________
epi- __________
hypo- __________
inter- __________
intra- __________
meta- __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Prefixes Meaning
ana- up
cata- down
epi- above
hypo- below
inter- between
intra- within
meta- change

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Suffix Meaning
-eal __________
-iac __________
-ior __________
-ism __________
-ose __________
-plasm __________
-somes __________
-type __________

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 Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Prefixes (cont’d)
Suffix Meaning
-eal pertaining to
-iac pertaining to
-ior pertaining to
-ism process, condition
-ose pertaining to, full of
-plasm formation
-somes bodies
-type picture, classification

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 QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means process of cutting the
skull?
A. Thoracotomy
B. Craniotomy
C. Diskectomy
D. Arthroscopy

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 Pronunciation
Guide Review
• ā as in āpe
• ē as in ēven
• ī as in īce
• ō as in ōpen
• ū as in ūnit

• ă as in ăpple
• ĕ as in ĕvery
• ĭ as in ĭnterest
• ŏ as in pŏt
• ŭ as in ŭnder

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 Pronunciation
Examples:

adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōs
caudal KĂW- dăl
distal DĬS-tăl
trachea TRĀ-kē-ă

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