Empower b1 Grammar 6 10

UNIT 6:
DIFFERENT CULTURES
Instituto de Idiomas
Contents:
Contents:
• Lesson A: Modals of obligation.

must, have to, mustn’t, can’t, don’t have to, should, ought to
• Lesson B: Comparatives and Superlatives
Adjectives and adverbs, exceptions, extremes
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Modals
Modalsofofobligation
obligationmust
mustand
andhave
havetoto
Obligation refers to rules, laws and others pressures from
Obligation refers to rules, laws and others pressures from
outside.
outside.
Weuse
We usemust
mustwhen
whenwe wemake
makethetherules:
rules:
Ex.Ex.
• I• Imust
musthave
haveaadriver’s
driver’slicense
licensetotodrive
driveaacar.
car.
•
• A:A:I Ithink
thinkeverything
everythingisisready.
ready.
B: This presentation is very important if we want
B: This presentation is very important if we want to attract to attract
newbusiness.
new business.There
Theremust mustnot notbe
beany
anyproblems.
problems.
Grammar:
Grammar:Modals
Modalsof
ofobligation
obligationmust
mustand
andhave
havetoto
We•use
We usehave
havetotowhen
whenwe wetalk
talkabout
aboutother
otherpeople’s
people’srules:
rules:
Ex.
Ex.
• Youhave
• You havetotobuybuyaaticket
ticketbefore
beforeyou
youget
geton
onthe
thetrain.
train.
• A:Did
• A: Didyou
yougogototothe
themovie
movielast
lastnight?
night?
B:B:No,
No,I Ihad
hadtotostudy
studyfor
forthe
themath
mathtest
testtoday.
today.
Thereisisno
There nopast
pastororfuture
futureofofmust.
must.When
Whenwe wetalk
talkabout
aboutrules
rules
ininthe
thepast
pastororfuture,
future,weweuse
usethe
thecorrect
correctform
formofof have
haveto.
to.
mustn’t, can’t and don’t have to
We use mustn’t or can’t to say that something is not allowed.
We often use mustn’t when we make the rules and can’t to talk
about other people rules
Ex: I mustn’t forget to email my mum.
We can’t cross the road yet – the light is still red.
For things which were not allowed in the past, use couldn’t.
Ex: I couldn’t work in India because I only had a tourist visa.
mustn’t, can’t and don’t have to
We use don’t have to when there is no obligation. It means
it’s not necessary to do something.
Ex: University students don’t have to wear a uniform.

I didn’t have to call a taxi. Robert drove me home.
should and ought to

We use ought to or should to give advice and recommendations.
They have the same meaning. But should is much more common.
Ex: We should see as much as possible. We shouldn’t waste time.

We ought to see as much as possible. We ought not to waste time.
Complete the following sentences with the correct form
NOW YOUR TURN: of must or have to.
1. In my country, you ……….. Cross the road at a pedestrian crossing – it’s illegal to cross anywhere else.
2. When I lived in Quito, I ……….. leave home one hour before work, because the rush hour traffic was so
bad.
3. ……….. George ……….. Wear a tie to work?
4. I’ll tell you a secret, but you ……….. Tell anyone. I don’t want anyone else to know.
5. We took plenty of money, but in the end, we ……….. pay – everything was free.
6. The sign says all visitors ……….. report to reception.
7. If you want to be here on time, you’ll ………..leave here very soon.
8. Your brother can borrow my books tonight but he ………..forget to bring them back tomorrow. I need them
for my class.
NOW CHECK YOUR ANSWERS:
1. In my country, you …have to.. Cross the road at a pedestrian crossing – it’s illegal to cross anywhere else.
2. When I lived in Quito, I … had to.. leave home one hour before work, because the rush hour traffic was so
bad.
3. … Does.. George … have to.. wear a tie to work?
4. I’ll tell you a secret, but you … mustn’t.. tell anyone. I don’t want anyone else to know.
5. We took plenty of money, but in the end, we … didn’t have to.. pay – everything was free.
6. The sign says all visitors … must.. report to reception.
7. If you want to be here on time, you’ll …have to.. leave here very soon.
8. Your brother can borrow my books tonight but he … mustn’t.. forget to bring them back tomorrow. I need
them for my class.
Look at the signs. Then complete the advice using the verbs in
NOW YOUR TURN: brackets and a modal verb. Sometimes more than one form is possible.
You ….. (park) here. You ….. (pay) for the You ….. (leave) your You ….. (only use)
bus to the shopping car unlocked. It might the official taxi.
centre. get stolen
You ….. (use) that door – it’s for emergency only.
NOW CHECK
YOUR TURN:
YOUR ANSWERS:
You mustn’t / can’t You don’t have to You mustn’t/shouldn’t

You must/should
park (park) here. pay.. (pay) for the bus leave.. (leave) your car
only use (only use)
to the shopping centre. unlocked. It might get
the official taxi.
stolen
You … mustn’t/can’t use.. (use) that door – it’s for emergency only.
Lesson B: Comparatives and Superlatives
Adjectives Adverbs
One syllable • rich – richer, the richest • Fast – faster, the fastest
• Ending in –y: All:
Two or more syllables • easy – easier, the easiest • often – more often, the most
• friendly – friendlier, the friendliest often
Other:
• careful – more careful, the most
• carefully – more carefully, the
careful most carefully
• good – better, the best • Well – better, the best

• bad – worse, the worst • Badly – worse, the worst
Exceptions • far – further, the furthest • Far – further, the furthest
• more / the most bored / tired / ill
• clever – cleverer / the cleverest *
• Early – earlier, the earliest
Some two syllables adjectives can follow the rules for one syllable adjectives:
Clever, narrow, shallow, quiet, simple.
We can use comparative

adjectives and adverbs to Ex: Life’s more interesting than before.
compare She’s happier than she used to be.
two things, situations,
times, actions, etc., usually He’s speaking more slowly than usual today.
with than.
Ex:
We can change the degree of
• Life’s a lot more interesting than before.
comparison with words
like a lot, much, far, even, • She’s a bit happier than she used to be.
slightly, a bit, a little:
• He’s speaking much more slowly than usual today.
The opposite of more is less. Ex: The car’s slightly less clean than it was.
We can use it with all
I drive less quickly than he does.
adjectives and adverbs:
As + adjective / adverb + as Ex: They are as wealthy as the royal family.

shows that two things are
• She doesn’t listen as carefully as she should.
equal; not as … as means less
than:
Some common adverbs can Ex: You’re just as pretty as your sister! (=exactly equal)
change the degree of the My brother isn’t nearly as hard-working as me. (=very different)
She doesn’t sleep quite as well as I do. (=slightly different)
comparison:
Extremes
We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to talk about

extremes:
Ex: It’s the worst hotel in the world!
I got the lowest score possible.
We often use the present perfect with ever with superlatives:
• This is the best meal I’ve ever eaten.
• It was the least interesting film I’ve ever seen.
We can use the expression by far to say an extreme, it is very different from
all others:
• That’s by far the highest mountain I’ve ever climbed.
NOW YOUR TURN:
A. Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in
brackets. Add than where necessary.
1. India food is ……….. French food. (spicy).

2. This is ………..meal I’ve ever eaten. (delicious).
3. The weather was ……….. I expected. (hot)
4. She’s a ……….. Driver ………… me. (slow)
5. Are you ……….. Person in your class?
6. I didn’t have a good holiday. The ……….. Thing was the hotel. It was terrible. (bad)
7. Your English is ………..mine. (good)
8. I’m sorry, I can’t come on Friday. That’s my ………..day. (busy)
A. Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in
brackets. Add than where necessary.
1. India food is spicier than French food. (spicy).

2. This is the most delicious meal I’ve ever eaten. (delicious).
3. The weather was hotter than I expected. (hot)
4. She’s a slower driver than me. (slow)
5. Are you the cleverest person in your class?
6. I didn’t have a good holiday. The worst thing was the hotel. It was terrible. (bad)
7. Your English is better than mine. (good)
8. I’m sorry, I can’t come on Friday. That’s my busiest day. (busy)
Complete the sentences so that they mean the same
NOW YOUR TURN: as the first sentence. Use two to five words.
1. India food is spicier than French food. (spicy).

French food isn’t ______________________.
2. This is the most delicious meal I’ve ever eaten. (delicious).
I’ve never eaten a __________________ meal than this.
3. The weather was hotter than I expected. (hot)
I didn’t expect the weather to be _____________________ it was.
4. She’s a slower driver than me. (slow)
She drives _________________________ I do.
5. Are you the cleverest person in your class?
Is anybody in your class _____________________ you?
NOW CHECK
YOUR TURN:
YOUR ANSWERS:
1. French food isn’t as spicy as Indian food .

2. I’ve never eaten a more delicious meal than this.
3. I didn’t expect the weather to be as hot as it was.
4. She drives more slowly than I do.
5. Is anybody in your class as clever as / clever than you?
NOW YOUR TURN:
a as bit by ever expected in just more most nearly one slightly than the
1. Today’s lesson was ____a____ lot __more____ interesting than usual – it was excellent.
2. That’s _________ worst joke I’ve _________ heard!
3. The exam went really well. It wasn’t _________ as difficult as I _________ .
4. I think she’s _________ of the _________ innovative designer in the world.
5. Our holiday was a _______more expensive ________we thought, but it was still good value.
6. They started v later than usual, but they still finished on time.
7. _________ far the oldest person _________ my family is my great-grandmother.
8. Our new TV is fantastic – the picture quality is _________ as good _________ in the cinema, or maybe
even better.
NOW CHECK
YOUR TURN:
YOUR ANSWERS:
a as bit by ever expected in just more most nearly one slightly than the
1. Today’s lesson was ____a____ lot __more____ interesting than usual – it was excellent.
2. That’s __the____ worst joke I’ve __ever____ heard!
3. The exam went really well. It wasn’t ___nearly___ as difficult as I ___expected__ .
4. I think she’s __one_ of the __most_ innovative designer in the world.
5. Our holiday was a _bit_more expensive __than_we thought, but it was still good value.
6. They started slightly later than usual, but they still finished on time.
7. _By_ far the oldest person _in_ my family is my great-grandmother.
8. Our new TV is fantastic – the picture quality is _just_ as good __as_ in the cinema, or maybe even better.
References:
Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.

Empower – Teacher Book.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org
UNIT 7:
House and Home
Contents:
• Lesson 7 A: Modals of deduction.
must, may, might, could, may not, might not, can’t
• Lesson 7 B: Quantifiers
some, any, no, none of, too, enough
Large quantities Small quantities

a lot, much, many A little, a few, very little, very
few
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Modals
Modalsofofdeduction
deduction
Deduction: the process of reaching a decision or answer by thinking about the
Deduction: the process of reaching a decision or answer by thinking about the
known facts, or the decision that is reached
known facts, or the decision that is reached
We use modal verbs to show that we are making a deduction using evidence, not
We use modal verbs to show that we are making a deduction using evidence, not
stating a fact
stating a fact
Ex.
Ex.
1. We must be early. Nobody else has arrived yet.
1. We must be early. Nobody else has arrived yet.
2.They work at the same office so they may know each other.
2.They work at the same office so they may know each other.
3.She might not be in. The lights are all out.
3.She might not be in. The lights are all out.
4.That can’t be Mark’s car. He told me his was in the garage.
4.That can’t be Mark’s car. He told me his was in the garage.
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Modals
Modalsofofdeduction
deduction
The opposite of must for deductions is can’t. Don’t use mustn’t, can or couldn’t for deductions.
The opposite of must for deductions is can’t. Don’t use mustn’t, can or couldn’t for deductions.
e.g. This bill can’t be right, I only ordered a salad.
e.g. This bill can’t be right, I only ordered a salad.
NOT: This bill couldn’t, mustn’t be right.
NOT: This bill couldn’t, mustn’t be right.
There must be a mistake.
There must be a mistake.
NOT: There can be a mistake
NOT: There can be a mistake
There is no difference between may, might and could. All three mean that something is possible.
There is no difference between may, might and could. All three mean that something is possible.
To make deductions about actions happening now, use a modal + be + verb + ing
To make deductions about actions happening now, use a modal + be + verb + ing
e.g. She isn’t answering the phone. She might be listening to music
e.g. She isn’t answering the phone. She might be listening to music
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Modals
Modalsofofdeduction
deduction
Differentmodal
Different modalverbs
verbstell
tellus
ushow
howsure
sureabout
aboutaadeduction
deductionwe
weare:
are:
It’s cold in that house Fact: I know it is.

It must be cold in that house. Deduction: I’m sure it is.
It may/might/could be cold in that house. Deduction: It’s possible that it is.
It may / might not be cold in that house. Deduction: It’s possible that it isn’t.
It can’t be cold in that house. Deduction: I’m sure it isn’t.
It isn’t cold in that house Fact: I know it isn’t.
NOW
NOWYOUR
YOURTURN:
TURN:
Match
Matchthe
thedeductions
deductions1-8
1-8with
withthe
thebest
bestsentences
sentencesa-h
a-h
a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.
1. ____That man must be a doctor.
b. They finished their dinner an hour ago.
2. ____ That man might be a doctor.
c. He’s wearing a white coat.
3. ____ That man might not be a doctor.
d. I remember they booked a table at a restaurant for
4. ____ That man can’t be a doctor.
around now.
5. ____ They must be eating dinner now.
e. Perhaps they finished.
6. ____ They could well be eating dinner now.
f. Look – he’s listening to that man’s heart.
7. ____ They may not be eating dinner now.
g. They usually eat around his time.
8. ____ They can’t be eating dinner now.
h. It’s possible that he’s a nurse.
Match
Matchthe
thedeductions
deductions1-8
1-8with
withthe
thebest
bestsentences
sentencesa-h
a-h
a. He doesn’t know anything about medicine.
1. _f_That man must be a doctor.
b. They finished their dinner an hour ago.
2. _c_ That man might be a doctor.
c. He’s wearing a white coat.
3. _h_ That man might not be a doctor.
d. I remember they booked a table at a restaurant for
4. _a_ That man can’t be a doctor.
around now.
5. _d_ They must be eating dinner now.
e. Perhaps they finished.
6. _g_ They could well be eating dinner now.
f. Look – he’s listening to that man’s heart.
7. _e_ They may not be eating dinner now.
g. They usually eat around this time.
8. _b_ They can’t be eating dinner now.
h. It’s possible that he’s a nurse.
Complete the sentences using an appropriate modal of
NOW YOUR TURN: deduction. Sometimes more than one modals is possible.
1. It’s possible that she’s in the office-she flew to Beijing yesterday.

She can’t be in the office – She flew to Beijing yesterday.
2. I’m sure you’re right.
You ________________________________________
3. It’s possible that they want to sell their flat.
They ________________________________________
4. I’m sure he isn’t speaking Russian – it sounds more like speak Spanish to me.
He ________________________________________ - it sound more like Spanish to me.
5. It’s possible that you’re the perfect person for the job.
You ________________________________________
6. There’s a possibility that he doesn’t know the answer.
He ________________________________________
7. I’m sure you don’t need that coat today – it’s 30 degrees!
It’s 30 degrees! You ____________________________________________
1. It’s possible that she’s in the office-she flew to Beijing yesterday.
She can’t be in the office – She flew to Beijing yesterday.
2. I’m sure you’re right.
You __must be right______
3. It’s possible that they want to sell their flat.
They ___could / might / may want to sell their flat_____
4. I’m sure he isn’t speaking Russian – it sounds more like speak Spanish to me.
He ___can’t be speaking Russian__ - it sounds more like Spanish to me.
5. It’s possible that you’re the perfect person for the job.
You ____ could / might / may be the perfect person for the job_____
6. There’s a possibility that he doesn’t know the answer.
He __might not/ may not know the asnwer.____
7. I’m sure you don’t need that coat today – it’s 30 degrees!
It’s 30 degrees! You _____can’t need that coat today – it’s 30 degrees._____
Lesson B: Quantifiers
We can use some in positive Ex: There are some nice views from the hotel.
statements and any in
negatives and questions. He doesn’t have any good music.
Does he speak any Spanish?
We can also use no in positive
sentences to talk about zero Ex: There is no crime around here.
quantity.
I have no money today.
To talk about zero quantity, Ex: None of my friends could help me.
we can use none of + plural or A: How many holidays have you been on this year?
none.
B: None at all.
Large quantity
• We use lots of / a lot of in positive sentences. • There are quite a lot of cars on the road today.
• Not many / not much / not a lot of in negative • I haven’t got much money with me.
sentences • Did many people come to the concert?
• many / much / a lot of in questions. • We don’t need a lo of time to finish this work.
In positive sentence, we can use plenty of to show we

are happy with the amount
Don’t worry – we’ve got plenty of food
Small quantity
• We have a little time before the show starts.
• There are a few things I need from the shops.
• We use a few / a little to talk about an
• I have very little time to finish this work.
amount. We use few / little to talk about
negative amount (i.e. there is not a lot):
• This dish has very few ingredients.
too / not enough
• We use too much / too many + noun to say there is e.g.

more than the right amount. • I have too much furniture. There isn’t
• We use not enough to say that there is less than the enough room for all of it!
right amount. • I couldn’t move at the concert because there
were too many people.
We also use too + adjective / adverb and not +
adjective / adverb enough / enough +noun
• This suitcase is too heavy. They won’t let you on the plane.
• You’re walking too quickly. I can’t keep up!
• The meeting room isn’t big enough for all of us. There aren’t enough chairs.
• You’re not walking fast enough. Hurry up!
A. Underline the correct quantifier in each sentence.
NOW YOUR TURN:
1. We had any / no / none problems.
2. My parents read a lot / a lot of / much books.
3. I’m not tall enough / too / plenty to be a police officer.
4. There is too little / many / much noise in my block of flats. I can’t sleep.
5. You don’t go out little / many / enough. You should go out more.
6. I watch much / many / a lot of television.
7. A: Did you get much work done? B: Yes, a lot of / a lot / none.
8. A: Have you got any potatoes left? B: No, I got some / any / none.
9. I’ve been to quite many / few / a few countries.
10. It’s too much / too / enough hot in here. Can I open a window?
1. We had any / no / none problems.
2. My parents read a lot / a lot of / much books.
3. I’m not tall enough / too / plenty to be a police officer.
4. There is too little / many / much noise in my block of flats. I can’t sleep.
5. You don’t go out little / many / enough. You should go out more.
6. I watch much / many / a lot of television.
7. A: Did you get much work done? B: Yes, a lot of / a lot / none.
8. A: Have you got any potatoes left? B: No, I got some / any / none.
9. I’ve been to quite many / few / a few countries.
10.It’s too much / too / enough hot in here. Can I open a window?
A. Complete the second sentence so that it means
NOW YOUR TURN: the same as the first sentence.
1. a: I want no visitors for the next 30 minutes.
b: I don’t want any visitors for the next 30 minutes.
2. a: There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.
b: There are too ___________________________
3. a: I want a biscuit, but there weren’t any left.
b: I wanted a biscuit, but there were ___________________
4. a: Make sure you take plenty of money.
b: Make sure you take a _____________________
5. a: They gave us too little information.
b: They didn’t __________________
6. a: I didn’t see many people.
b: I saw very _____________________
7. a: We didn’t have any money.
b: We had ____________________
A. Complete the second sentence so that
NOW CHECK YOUR ANSWERS: it means the same as the first sentence.
1. a: I want no visitors for the next 30 minutes.

b: I don’t want any visitors for the next 30 minutes.
2. a: There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.
b: There are too __few chairs for everyone____
3. a: I want a biscuit, but there weren’t any left.
b: I wanted a biscuit, but there were ____none left__
4. a: Make sure you take plenty of money.
b: Make sure you take a ___lot of money__
5. a: They gave us too little information.
b: They didn’t ___give us enough information__
6. a: I didn’t see many people.
b: I saw very ___few people_
7. a: We didn’t have any money.
b: We had ___no money__
References:

UNIT 8:
INFORMATION
CONTENTS:
CONTENTS:
• Lesson A: Reported speech and direct speech.

Direct speech / Reported speech / Other changes
• Lesson B: Verb Patters
Verb + ing or to + infinitive / Other uses of verb + -ing
Lesson
LessonA:
A:Reported
Reportedspeech
speechand
anddirect
directspeech
speech
Whenwe
When wetalk
talkabout
aboutwhat
whatsomebody
somebodysaid
saidororthought,
thought,
we can use direct speech or reported speech:
we can use direct speech or reported speech:
Direct speech Reported speech
I don’t want to talk to you He said he didn’t want to talk to me.
I’m planning to resign. She said she was planning to resign.
I’ve already told you. He said he had already told me.
I saw you break it. I told him I had seen him break it.
I’m going to cook tonight. You said you were going to cook tonight.
I’ll see you soon. He said he would see me son.
I can’t hear you. She said she couldn’t hear me.
You may be right. She said I might be right.
Some verbs ( would / could / should / might) stay the same in the
reported speech.
I’d like to go. He said he’d like to go.
It might be difficult She said It might be difficult

Reported questions: When you report a Wh-question, put the subject before the verb.
Don’t use the auxiliary do / does / did:
• Where are you from? • She asked me where I was from.

• Why did she say that? • He asked me why she had said that.
For yes/no questions, use if / whether. Whether is more formal than if:
• Are you going to help? • We asked them if they were going to help.
• Did you visit the London Eye? • She asked us whether we have visited the London Eye.
Other changes:
When we report speech, we usually need to change the pronouns ( e.g. I, he)
and possessives (e.g. my, your), depending on who is talking to whom.
Time and place words may also need to change:
I want you to give this message to your boss tonight.
She said she wanted me to give a / the message to my boss that night.
You don’t need to change the tense when you want to show that the speaker’s
Words are still true now:
I told you yesterday that I don’t want to talk to you.

(=I still don’t want to talk to you today)
NOW YOUR TURN:
Yesterday you ran into a friend of yours, Helen. She told you a Later that day you tell another friend what Helen said.
lot of things. Here are some of the things she said to you: Use reported speech.
1. I’m thinking of going to live in France. 1. _____________________________________
2. Sue and Jim are getting married next month. 2. ____________________________________
3. I haven’t seen Bill for a while. 3. ____________________________________
4. I’ve been playing tennis a lot lately. 4. ____________________________________
5. I don’t know what Fred is doing. 5. ____________________________________
6. I hardly ever go out these days. 6. ____________________________________
7. I work 14 hours a day. 7. ____________________________________
8. I’ll tell Jim I saw you. 8. ____________________________________
9. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn’t injured. 9. ____________________________________
10.I saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine. 10. ___________________________________
1. I’m thinking of going to live in France. 1. Helen said (that) she was thinking of going to live in France
2. Helen said (that) Sue and Jim were getting married next month.
2. Sue and Jim are getting married next month.
3. Helen said (that) she hadn’t seen Bill for a while.
3. I haven’t seen Bill for a while.
4. Helen said (that) she hadn’t been playing tennis a lot lately
4. I’ve been playing tennis a lot lately.
5. Helen said (that) she didn’t know what Fred was doing.
5. I don’t know what Fred is doing. 6. Helen said (that) she hardly ever went out these days.
6. I hardly ever go out these days. 7. Helen said (that) she worked 14 hours a day.
7. I work 14 hours a day. 8. Helen said (that) she would tell Jim she had seen me.
9. Helen said (that) Tom had had an accident last week, but he hadn’t
8. I’ll tell Jim I saw you
been injured.
9. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn’t injured.
10.Helen said (that) she had seen Jack at a party a few months ago, and
10.I saw Jack at a party a few months ago, and he seemed fine.
he had seemed fine.
Read Harry’s conversation with Andy. Then choose the best word or
NOW YOUR TURN: phrase to complete Andy’s conversation with Harry’s sister, Lucy.
Harry: Hi, I’m trying to buy a present for my sister, Lucy. It’s her birthday tomorrow.
Andy: What sorts of books does she like?
Harry: I’m not sure. She reads a lot of history books.
Andy: This is really good. A Short History of the World. I read it a few months ago.
Harry: No, I think she’s already read that. She didn’t like it. No, I’m going to get her this one A History of Amazing Buildings.
Two days later, Andy sees Lucy in the street ….
Andy: Hi Lucy. I met your brother a few days ago – he said it was (1) my / your / her birthday (2) tomorrow / the previous
day / yesterday.
Lucy: Yes, that’s right. Where did you meet him?
Andy: In the bookshop. When I asked him what he was doing (3) here / there / near, he said (4) he was / he’s / I’m
looking for a present for (5) me / you / her.
Lucy: Really?
Andy: Yes, I asked him what books (6) you liked / do you like / does she like, and he said he wasn’t sure. He said (7) she reads / you
read / I read history books. So I showed him A Short History of the World – I said it was really good. I told him (8) you’ve / I’ve / I’d read
it a few months (9) earlier / ago / later. But he said (10) you’d / she’s / I’d already read it, and you hadn’t liked it.
Lucy: What? I thought it was brilliant!
Andy: Yeah. Anyway, he said (11) I’m / he’s / he was going to get A History of Amazing Buildings.
Lucy: Yes, and he did. It’s really cool.
Andy: Great – I knew (12) you’d love it / she’ll love that / you’ll love that.
Harry: Hi, I’m trying to buy a present for my sister, Lucy. It’s her birthday tomorrow.
Andy: What sorts of books does she like?
Harry: I’m not sure. She reads a lot of history books.
Andy: This is really good. A Short History of the World. I read it a few months ago.
Harry: No, I think she’s already read that. She didn’t like it. No, I’m going to get her this one A History of Amazing Buildings.
Two days later, Andy sees Lucy in the street ….

Andy: Hi Lucy. I met your brother a few days ago – he said it was (1) my / your / her birthday (2) tomorrow / the previous
day / yesterday.
Lucy: Yes, that’s right. Where did you meet him?
Andy: In the bookshop. When I asked him what he was doing (3) here / there / near, he said (4) he was / he’s / I’m
looking for a present for (5) me / you / her.
Lucy: Really?
Andy: Yes, I asked him what books (6) you liked / do you like / does she like, and he said he wasn’t sure. He said (7) she reads / you
read / I read history books. So I showed him A Short History of the World – I said it was really good. I told him (8) you’ve / I’ve / I’d
read it a few months (9) earlier / ago / later. But he said (10) you’d / she’s / I’d already read it, and you hadn’t liked it.
Lucy: What? I thought it was brilliant!
Andy: Yeah. Anyway, he said (11) I’m / he’s / he was going to get A History of Amazing Buildings.
Lucy: Yes, and he did. It’s really cool.
Andy: Great – I knew (12) you’d love it / she’ll love that / you’ll love that.
Lesson B: Verb Patterns Verb + -ing or to + infinitive
Some verbs ( e.g. enjoy, mind, keep, admit, The negative form is not + verb+ -ing
recommend, suggest, avoid, stop) are
• She didn’t mind working late.
followed by a verb + -ing:
• I enjoy not cooking for a change.
Other verbs (e.g. want, hope, agree, offer, The negative form is not + to + infinitive
promise, need, refuse, threaten, plan) are
• They threatened to tell the police.
followed by to + infinitive
• I promise not to break anything.
Some verbs (e.g. start, begin, continue) can
be followed by both patterns, with no • People started arriving an hour ago.
change of meaning: • He started to feel angry.
Some verbs (e.g. try, forget, remember) can be followed by both patterns, but the meaning changes:
• I try to read some reviews online, but my internet connection wasn’t working. (= I attempted to read them)
• I remember going there for the first time. (=I’m looking back at an earlier experience)
• Please remember to book a table. (=keep the plan in your memory)
Lesson B: Verb Patterns
Some verbs ( e.g. advise, ask, invite,

They warned me not to tell anyone.
remind, tell, warn) need an object
I’ve invited your parents to visit us
before to + infinitive:
Make: (= force) and let (= allow) are

• My boss made me work late.
followed by an object and a bare
• He let me drive his car.
infinitive
Lesson B: Verb Patterns
Other uses of the verb + -ing
When a verb comes after a preposition (about, of, • I’m worried about not being good enough.
by), the verb is always in the-ing form: • They escaped by breaking a window.
When a verb is the subject of the sentence, it is Eating in a restaurant is more expensive than
usually in the –ing form at home.
Other uses of to + infinitive

Infinitive of purpose: Adjective + to + infinitive: Adjective + to + infinitive:
I went online to read the news. I was relieved to see I wasn’t late. I was relieved to see I wasn’t late
Verb + question word + to + infinitive:
I don’t know where to go or who to ask.
Underline the correct option.
NOW YOUR TURN:
1. I agreed going / to go to the hospital.
2. He admitted to take / taking the money.
3. Remember to collect / collecting the dry cleaning on your way home.
4. We tried making / to make some cakes but the oven wasn’t working.
5. I made the dog sit / sitting down.
6. Maria refused watching / to watch the scary film.
7. It’s important making / to make a reservation in advance.
8. They don’t mind walking / to walk home tonight.
9. We advised to have / them to have a short holiday.
10.My mum always let me stay / to stay up late
1. I agreed going / to go to the hospital.
2. He admitted to take / taking the money.
3. Remember to collect / collecting the dry cleaning on your way home.
4. We tried making / to make some cakes but the oven wasn’t working.
5. I made the dog sit / sitting down.
6. Maria refused watching / to watch the scary film.
7. It’s important making / to make a reservation in advance.
8. They don’t mind walking / to walk home tonight.
9. We advised to have / them to have a short holiday.
10.My mum always let me stay / to stay up late
References:

MURPHY, Raymond - Grammar in use – Reference and Practice for Intermediate
Students of English
UNIT 9:
ENTERTAINMENT
Contents:
• Lesson A: The passive.

• Active and Passive
• Lesson B: Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clause
• Omitting Relative Pronouns
Lesson A: The Passive
We form the passive using be + past participle.
• ACTIVE • PASSIVE
• They make a lot of films in Hollywood.
• A lot of films are made in Hollywood.
• The scriptwriters are writing a new script
this week. • A new script is being written this week.
• The estate agent sold the house for • The house has been sold for $1 million.
$1million. • There was an accident while the bridge
• There was an accident while they were was being built.
building the bridge. • A film will be made from the book.
• A film studio will make a film from the
• Our car was stolen at night.
book.
• Somebody stole the car at night. • The work should be done by an expert.
• An expert should do the work.
• We use passive verb forms:

• When the main thing we are talking about is the object of the verb.
• A film will be made from the book.
• The book should be done by an expert. (We are talking about the work, not the expert.)
• When the agent (the doer) isn’t important.
• The house has been sold for $ 1 million. (We don’t care about the state agent)
• When the agent (the doer) is very obvious.
• A new script is being written this week. (by scriptwriters)
• When we don’t know who did something / what caused something.
• Our car was stolen at night.
• Negative and questions are made in the same way as other uses of be:
• Films aren’t made here. Is a film being made here?
• We use by to introduce the person or thing that did the action (the agent):
• This frame was drawn by one of the animators.
• We usually use with to introduce a tool, instrument or technique that was
used by the agent:
• The pirate’s beard was controlled with a wire.
• We can say something was made by hand or by machine:
• This jumper was made by hand in Scotland.
Complete the passive sentences. Don´t include any agents that are inside
NOW YOUR TURN: brackets.
1. James Cameron directed Avatar 1. Avatar was directed by James Cameron.
2. (People) still make these shoes by hand. 2. These shoes ____________________.
3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3. A new _________________________ .
4. My grand father gave me this watch. 4. I______________________.
5. (We) have told everybody to be here on time. 5. Everybody ______________________.
6. (People) will laugh at you if you wear that hat. 6. You ___________________________.
7. A computer program creates the special effects. 7. The special effects ________________.
8. My parents are looking after our dog this week. 8. Our dog ________________________.
9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I ______________________________.
10.(Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10.My car _________________________.
1. James Cameron directed Avatar 1. Avatar was directed by James Cameron.
2. (People) still make this shoes by hand. 2.These shoes _are still made by hand.
3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3.A new _bridge will be built next year .
4. My grand father gave me this watch.
4.I was giving this watch by my grandfather.
5. (We) have told everybody to be here on time.
5. Everybody has been told to be here on time.
6. (People) will laugh at you if you wear that hat.
6. You will be laughed at if you wear that hat.
7. A computer program creates the special effects. 7. The special effects are created by a computer program.
8. My parents are looking after our dog this week. 8. Our dog is being looked after my parents this week.
9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I was offered $1000 for my painting.
10.(Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10.My car was being repaired at the time.
Rewrite the sentences as either Yes/No questions (?) or
NOW YOUR TURN: negative (-).
1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport
2. The painting’s already been sold. 2. (?) Has the painting already been sold?
3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) _________________________ .
4. The film´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) _________________________.
5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) _________________________ .
6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) _________________________.
7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) _________________________.
8. The sculpture has been taken to the piazza. 8. (-) _________________________.
1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport
2. The painting’s already been sold. 2. (?) Has the painting already been sold?
3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) The work won’t be finished by Saturday .
4. The film´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) Has the film being made in Brazil?.
5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) Are tomatoes grown in Spain? .
6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) The car wasn’t being driven too fast.
7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) Were the costumes made by hand?.
8. The sculpture has been taken to the piazza. 8. (-) The sculpture hasn’t been taken to the piazza.
Lesson B: Defining and non-defining relative clauses.
• Defining relative clauses define a noun or make it more specific. They tell us which particular thing or
what kind of thing. In defining relative clause, we can also use that instead of who or which
• I love music that makes people dance.

• I hate books which don´t have happy endings.
• My dad met the woman who reads the news on TV yesterday!
• They’re the couple that I told you about
• Non-defining relative clause give extra information about a noun, but they are not necessary for the
sentence to make sense:
• The DJ was playing hip hop (This sentence is incomplete)
• The DJ was playing hip hop, which is my favorite kind of music. (This relative clause adds more
information.)
• In writing, we need a coma before and after a non-defining relative clause.

• Don’t use commas in defining relative clauses:
• We visited the market on a Sunday, when they sell clothes and jewelry.
• I met Lucy, who was staying with relatives nearby, for a coffee.
• In both types of relative clause, we can use who, which, whose, where and when:
• Have you been to that restaurant where you cook your own food at the table?
• Did you meet the girl whose father climbed Mt. Everest?
• Omitting relative pronouns

• We can often leave out who / which / that or when from defining relative clauses:
• He likes the cheese (which/that) I bought. (I bought the cheese. Cheese = object)
• Don’t leave out the relative pronoun if it’s the subject of the relative
clause (who, which or that ):
• He likes the cheese that comes from Turkey.
• Never leave out the relative pronoun from a non-defining relative

clause:
• This cheese, which Greg really likes, comes from Turkey.
• (NOT: This cheese, Greg really likes.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses
NOW YOUR TURN:
• Complete the sentences with a word from the box
• Which (X 3) who where when whose (X 2)
1. I love people _________ can make me laugh.
2. I told Paula my secret ______ she then told anyone!
3. The film ______ I saw was really good.
4. I usually listen to music ______ I feel sad.
5. This album, _____ came out in 1967, has some great songs.
6. Mark is the person _____ father used to be a singer.
7. The shop _____ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.
8. I met Sara, _____ husband I work with, yesterday.
NOW CHECK
YOUR TURN:
YOUR ANSWERS:
• Complete the sentences with a word from the box.
•Which (X 3) who where when whose (X 2)
1. I love people _Who_ can make me laugh.
2. I told Paula my secret _which_ she then told anyone!
3. The film _which_ I saw was really good.
4. I usually listen to music _when_ I feel sad.
5. This album, which came out in 1967, has some great songs.
6. Mark is the person _whose_ father used to be a singer.
7. The shop _where_ I bought this T-shirt has closed now.
8. I met Sara, _whose_ husband I work with, yesterday.
Rewrite the sentences adding the information in brackets as a defining
NOW YOUR TURN: relative clauses. Leave out who, which or that if possible.
1. I like the tune. (You were singing it) 1. I like the tune you were singing.
2. That’s the DJ. (he was here two week ago)
2. _________________________ .
3. We need music (It makes you want to dance)
3. _________________________ .
4. That’s the stage. (We’re going to perform there)
4. _________________________ .
5. I’ve got a CD. (You’ll like it)
5. _________________________ .
6. What did you think of the music? (I chose it)
7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his 6. _________________________ .

CD) 7. _________________________ .
8. The song changed my life. (It’s playing on the radio) 8. _________________________
1. I like the tune. (You were singing it) 1. I like the tune you were singing.
2. That’s the DJ. (he was here two week ago) 2. That’s the DJ who / that was here two week ago.
3. We need music (It makes you want to dance) 3. We need music that makes you want to dance
4. That’s the stage. (We’re going to perform there) 4. That’s the stage where we’re going to perform.
5. I’ve got a CD. (You’ll like it) 5. I’ve got a CD you’ll like.
6. What did you think of the music? (I chose it) 6. What did you think of the music, I chose ?
7. What’s the name of your friend whose CD you borrowed?

7. What’s the name of your friend? (You borrowed his
CD) 8. The song that / which is playing on the radio changed my
life.
8. The song changed my life. (It’s playing on the radio)
References:
MURPHY, Raymond - Grammar in use – Reference and Practice for Intermediate Students of English
UNIT 10:
OPPORTUNITIES
Contents:
• 10 A: Second conditional.
• 10 B: Third conditional
Lesson A: Second conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about imagined events or states and their
We use the second conditional to talk about imagined events or states and their
consequences. They can be about the unreal present or the unlikely future.
consequences. They can be about the unreal present or the unlikely future.
Real present Unreal present and consequence
I don’t know the answer. If I knew the answer. I’d tell you.
Likely future Unlikely / imagined future and consequence
She won’t find out that you lied. She would be angry if she found out you had lied.
We usually use the past simple in the if-clause and would in the main clause.
We usually use the past simple in the if-clause and would in the main clause.
We can also use could or might instead of would:
We can also use could or might instead of would:
• You could afford to go on holiday if you were more careful with your money.
• You could afford to go on holiday if you were more careful with your money.
• If you tried harder, you might win a medal.
• If you tried harder, you might win a medal.
Lesson A: The second conditional
The verb be has a special form in a second conditional. We can use were for all persons ( If I were
The verb be has a special form in a second conditional. We can use were for all persons ( If I were
you, If you were, If she were, etc.)
you, If you were, If she were, etc.)
If I were taller, I’d be better at basketball.
I were taller, I’d be better at basketball.
We use the phrase If I were you to give advice.
We use the phrase If I were you to give advice.
If I were you, I wouldn’t eat that fish. It doesn’t smell fresh.
If I were you, I wouldn’t eat that fish. It doesn’t smell fresh.
We don’t always need to include the If-clause if the meaning is clear:
WeE.g.:
don’t always
Look need
at that to include
house! the If-clause
That would if the
be a good meaning
place to live.is(…
clear:
if we moved there)
.g.: Look at that house! That would be a good
I’m sure Jack would help you. (… if you asked) place to live. (… if we moved there)
m sure Jack would help you. (… if you asked)
When talking about the future, you can usually choose between the first and second conditional.
When talking about the future, you can usually choose between the first and second conditional.
Use the first conditional if you think a future If we score one more point, we’ll win.
Use the first conditional if you think a future If we score one more point, we’ll win.
event is likely. (I think there’s a good chance of this)
event is likely. (I think there’s a good chance of this)
Use the second conditional if you think it is If we scored one more point, we’d win.
Use the second conditional if you think it is If we scored one more point, we’d win.
unlikely. (I think It’s too difficult to do this)
unlikely. (I think It’s too difficult to do this)
Match the sentence beginnings 1-8 with the most
NOW YOUR TURN: logical endings a-h
Underline the correct option
1. What would / did you do if you’d see / you saw a robbery taking place?
2. Which of your body parts did / would you change if you would / had plastic surgery?
3. If my friend would be / were drunk, but still wanted to drive, I wouldn’t / didn’t let him to do it.
4. If you would be / were invited to the Carondelet Palace, What did / would you wear a suit?
5. If I knew / I’d know his number, I would call / called him at this moment.
6. Would / Did you cheat on your English test if the teacher left / would go the room?
7. What would / did you say if your boyfriend/girlfriend would propose / proposed to you tonight?
8. If a cashier accidentally would give /gave me extra change, I would give / gave it back immediately.
9. If you and your friend would be / were on a sinking ship with only one life-preserver, what do / would you do?
10.I forgot to do the assignment if you didn’t / wouldn’t call me, I was / would be in a lot of troubles.
1. What would / did you do if you’d see / you saw a robbery taking place?
2. Which of your body parts did / would you change if you would / had plastic surgery?
3. If my friend would be / were drunk, but still wanted to drive, I wouldn’t / didn’t let him to do it.
4. If you would be / were invited to the Carondelet Palace, What did / would you wear a suit?
5. If I knew / I’d know his number, I would call / called him at this moment.
6. Would / Did you cheat on your English test if the teacher left / would go the room?
7. What would / did you say if your boyfriend/girlfriend would propose / proposed to you tonight?
8. If a cashier accidentally would give /gave me extra change, I would give / gave it back immediately.
9. If you and your friend would be / were on a sinking ship with only one life-preserver, what do / would you do?
10. I forgot to do the assignment if you didn’t / wouldn’t call me, I was / would be in a lot of troubles.
Lesson B: Third conditional
COMMON USES OF THIRD CONDITIONAL
Third conditional
What does ‘d mean in each sentence? Write had or would.
1. If you’d (___) told me earlier, we’d (___) have saved a lot time.
2. I’d (___) have gone to see you if I’d (___) known that you were sick last week
3. He’d (___) not have taken the exam if he’d (___) known that it would be so difficult.
4. If she’d (___) been hungry, she ‘d (___) have eaten something in a break.
5. If I’d (___) gone to the party last night, I’d (___) be tired now.
What does ‘d mean in each sentence? Write had or would.
1. If you’d (had) told me earlier, we’d (would) have saved a lot time.
2. If you’d (had) told me earlier, we’d (would) have saved a lot time.
3. He’d (would) not have taken the exam if he’d (had) known that it would be so difficult.
4. If she’d (had) been hungry, she ‘d (would) have eaten something in a break.
5. If I’d (had) gone to the party last night, I’d (would) be tired now.
Correct the mistakes.
1.If you’d been there, you would enjoy yourself.

1.you would have enjoyed.
2.We couldn’t have bought the house if they wouldn’t have lent us
2._______________________________ .
the money.
3.If they hadn’t noticed the fire, the whole house could burned
3._______________________________.
down. 4._______________________________.
4.If I know it was dangerous, I’d never have gone there.
5._______________________________.
5.What you would have done if I hadn’t helped you?
6._______________________________.
6.He could have been an opera singer if he’d have some training.
7.If they’d arrive a few minutes later, they might have missed you 7._______________________________.
1.If you’d been there, you would enjoy yourself.
1.you would have enjoyed.
2.We couldn’t have bought the house if they wouldn’t have lent us
2._if they hadn’t lent us_______ .
the money.
3.If they hadn’t noticed the fire, the whole house could burned 3.could have burned down.
down.
4.If I had known _________________ .
4.If I know it was dangerous, I’d never have gone there.
5.___What would you have done __ .
5.What you would have done if I hadn’t helped you?
6.___If he’d had _____________ .

6.He could have been an opera singer if he’d have some training.
7.If they’d arrive a few minutes later, they might have missed you. 7.If they’d arrived _________
References:
• Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.
• Empower – Teacher Book.
• https://dictionary.cambridge.org
• MURPHY, Raymond and Altman, Roann - Grammar in use – Reference and
Practice for Intermediate Students of English of English
• Jacobi, Martin – Grammar Practice; Worksheet for 180 Interactive Grammar
Activities

Empower b1 Grammar 6 10

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Empower b1 Grammar 6 10

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT 6:

• Lesson A: Modals of obligation.

We use mustn’t or can’t to say that something is not allowed.

Ex: University students don’t have to wear a uniform.

should and ought to

Ex: We should see as much as possible. We shouldn’t waste time.

You ….. (use) that door – it’s for emergency only.

You mustn’t / can’t You don’t have to You mustn’t/shouldn’t

• good – better, the best • Well – better, the best

We can use comparative

As + adjective / adverb + as Ex: They are as wealthy as the royal family.

We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to talk about

1. India food is ……….. French food. (spicy).

1. India food is spicier than French food. (spicy).

1. India food is spicier than French food. (spicy).

1. French food isn’t as spicy as Indian food .

Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.

Large quantities Small quantities

It’s cold in that house Fact: I know it is.

1. It’s possible that she’s in the office-she flew to Beijing yesterday.

In positive sentence, we can use plenty of to show we

• We use too much / too many + noun to say there is e.g.

1. a: I want no visitors for the next 30 minutes.

Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.

• Lesson A: Reported speech and direct speech.

I’d like to go. He said he’d like to go.

It might be difficult She said It might be difficult

• Where are you from? • She asked me where I was from.

I told you yesterday that I don’t want to talk to you.

1. I’m thinking of going to live in France. 1. _____________________________________

2. Sue and Jim are getting married next month. 2. ____________________________________

3. I haven’t seen Bill for a while. 3. ____________________________________

4. I’ve been playing tennis a lot lately. 4. ____________________________________

5. I don’t know what Fred is doing. 5. ____________________________________

6. I hardly ever go out these days. 6. ____________________________________

7. I work 14 hours a day. 7. ____________________________________

8. I’ll tell Jim I saw you. 8. ____________________________________

9. Tom had an accident last week, but he wasn’t injured. 9. ____________________________________

Two days later, Andy sees Lucy in the street ….

Two days later, Andy sees Lucy in the street ….

Some verbs ( e.g. advise, ask, invite,

Make: (= force) and let (= allow) are

Other uses of the verb + -ing

Other uses of to + infinitive

Empower – Students book with online course – Reprinted edition – 2018.

• Lesson A: The passive.

• We use passive verb forms:

1. James Cameron directed Avatar 1. Avatar was directed by James Cameron.

2. (People) still make these shoes by hand. 2. These shoes ____________________.

3. (They) will build a new bridge next year. 3. A new _________________________ .

4. My grand father gave me this watch. 4. I______________________.

5. (We) have told everybody to be here on time. 5. Everybody ______________________.

9. (They) offered me $1000 for my painting. 9. I ______________________________.

10.(Somebody) was repairing my car at the time. 10.My car _________________________.

1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport

3. The work will be finished by Saturday. 3. (-) _________________________ .

4. The film´s been made in Brazil. 4. (?) _________________________.

5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) _________________________ .

6. The car was being driven too fast. 6. (-) _________________________.

7. The costumes were made by hand. 7. (?) _________________________.

8. The sculpture has been taken to the piazza. 8. (-) _________________________.

1. We were picked up at the airport 1. (-) We weren’t picked up at the airport

5. Tomatoes are grown in Spain. 5. (?) Are tomatoes grown in Spain? .

• I love music that makes people dance.

6._If he’d had ___________ .