Various Types Of

Statistical Data and

Collection
Section : - 1 B.tech CSE
Group : - 13
Ram Ashish Verma - 19SCSE1010207
Priya Yadav -19SCSE10100014
Imran Nazir – 19SCSE1010757
 What is Data ?
• In Statistics, the data are the individual pieces of factual
information recorded, and it is used for the purpose of the
analysis process.
• The two processes of data analysis are interpretation and
presentation.
• Statistics are the result of data analysis.
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• Data classification and data handling are an important process
as it involves a multitude of tags and labels to define the data,
its integrity and confidentiality.
Types Of Data
 What is Qualitative Data?
• Qualitative data, also known as the categorial data, describes the
data that fits into the categories.
• Qualitative data are not numerical. The categorical information
involves categorical variables that describe the features such as
a person’s gender, home town etc.
• Categorical measures are defined in terms of natural language
specifications, but not in terms of numbers.
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• Sometimes categorical data can hold numerical values
(quantitative value), but those values do not have mathematical
sense.
• Examples of the categorical data are birthdate, favourite sport,
school postcode.
• Here, the birthdate and school postcode hold the quantitative
value, but it does not give numerical meaning.
 What is Nominal Data?
• Nominal data is one of the types of qualitative information
which helps to label the variables without providing the
numerical value.
• Nominal data is also called the nominal scale. It cannot be
ordered and measured. But sometimes, the data can be
qualitative and quantitative.
• Examples of nominal data are letters, symbols, words, gender
etc.
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• The nominal data are examined using the grouping method.
• In this method, the data are grouped into categories, and then
the frequency or the percentage of the data can be calculated.
• These data are visually represented using the pie charts.
 What are Original Data ?
• Ordinal data/variable is a type of data which follows a natural
order.
• The significant feature of the nominal data is that the difference
between the data values is not determined.
• This variable is mostly found in surveys, finance, economics,
questionnaires, and so on.
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• The ordinal data is commonly represented using a bar chart.
• These data are investigated and interpreted through many
visualization tools.
• The information may be expressed using tables in which each
row in the table shows the distinct category.
 What is Quantitative Data?
• Quantitative data is also known as numerical data which
represents the numerical value (i.e., how much, how often, how
many).
• Numerical data gives information about the quantities of a
specific thing.
• Some examples of numerical data are height, length, size,
weight, and so on.
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•  The quantitative data can be classified into two different types
based on the data set.
• The two different classifications of numerical data are
1. Discrete Data
2. Continuous Data
 What is Discrete Data ?
• Discrete data can take only discrete values. Discrete
information contains only a finite number of possible values.
Those values cannot be subdivided meaningfully. Here, things
can be counted in the whole numbers.
• Example: Number of students in the class
 What is Continuous Data?
• Continuous data is data that can be calculated. It has an infinite
number of probable values that can be selected within a given
specific range.
• Example: Temperature range
 What is Data Collection ?
•  data collection is the process of gathering, measuring, and analyzing
accurate data from a variety of relevant sources to find answers to
research problems, answer questions, evaluate outcomes, and
forecast trends and probabilities.
• There mainly two methods of Data Collection:
• Primary Data Collection
• Secondary Data Collection
 What is Primary Data Collection ?
• As the name implies, this is original, first-hand data collected by
the data researchers.
• This process is the initial information gathering step, performed
before anyone carries out any further or related research.
• Primary data results are highly accurate provided the researcher
collects the information.
• However, there’s a downside, as first-hand research is potentially
time-consuming and expensive.
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The primary data collection method are of various types :
1. Interviews Collection Method: The researcher asks questions of a large sampling
of people, either by direct interviews or means of mass communication such as
by phone or mail. This method is by far the most common means of data
gathering.
2. Projective Collection Technique: Projective data gathering is an indirect
interview, used when potential respondents know why they're being asked
questions and hesitate to answer.
For instance, someone may be reluctant to answer questions about their phone
service if a cell phone carrier representative poses the questions. With projective
data gathering, the interviewees get an incomplete question, and they must fill in
the rest, using their opinions, feelings, and attitudes.
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1. Delphi Collection Technique: The Oracle at Delphi, according to
Greek mythology, was the high priestess of Apollo’s temple, who
gave advice, prophecies, and counsel. In the realm of data collection,
researchers use the Delphi technique by gathering information from
a panel of experts. Each expert answers questions in their field of
specialty, and the replies are consolidated into a single opinion.
2. Focus Groups: Focus groups, like interviews, are a commonly used
technique. The group consists of anywhere from a half-dozen to a
dozen people, led by a moderator, brought together to discuss the
issue.
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• Focus Groups: Focus groups, like interviews, are a commonly used
technique. The group consists of anywhere from a half-dozen to a
dozen people, led by a moderator, brought together to discuss the
issue.
 What is Secondary Data ?
• Secondary data is second-hand data collected by other parties and
already having undergone statistical analysis.
• This data is either information that the researcher has tasked other
people to collect or information the researcher has looked up. Simply
put, it’s second-hand information.
• Although it’s easier and cheaper to obtain than primary information,
secondary information raises concerns regarding accuracy and
authenticity. Quantitative data makes up a majority of secondary
data.
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• Unlike primary data collection, there are no specific collection methods.
• Instead, since the information has already been collected, the researcher consults
various data sources, such as:
• Financial Statements
• Sales Reports
• Retailer/Distributor/Deal Feedback
• Customer Personal Information (e.g., name, address, age, contact info)
• Business Journals
• Government Records (e.g., census, tax records, Social Security info)Trade/Business
Magazines
• The internet