Pre-university

mathematics
 Content of this chapter
1 Complex Numbers

2 Polynomials

3 The Rectangular Coordinate System

4 Functions and Their Graphs

5 The Modulus Function

6 Inequalities and Absolute Values

7 Operations on Functions

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 Content of this chapter

8 Trigonometric Functions

9 Inverse Function

10 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

11 Parametric Equations

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 0.3
The Rectangular Coordinate System

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 The Distance Formula
 The Equation of a Circle
 The Midpoint Formula
 Lines and Various Forms of the Equations
 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

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1. The Distance Formula

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 Cartesian
coordinates

quadrant

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If there are two points P(x1,y1) and
Q(x2,y2) in the plane, then the distance
between them is
d ( P, Q)  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2

based on the Pythagorean Theorem

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Exercises

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2. The Equation of a Circle

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A circle is a set of points that lie at a fixed distance (the
radius) from a fixed point (the center).
The circle of radius r and center (h,k) has the equation
( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r 2 standard equation
of a circle

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 ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2  r 2

If we expand the two squares in the boxed equation and combine the
constants, then the equation takes the forms x  ax  y  by  c
2 2

general equation

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Exercises

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Ⅰ.Find the equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions.
1. Center (-2,3), radius 4 ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  16

2. Center (3,4) and tangent to x-axis ( x - 3) 2  ( y  4) 2  16

3. Passes through A(4,-1), B(2,1), C(-2,-1) x2  y2 - 2x  4 y  5  0

Ⅱ.Find the distance between A(-2,3) and the midpoint B of the

line segment joining C(-2,-2) and D(4,3). B(1, 1 ), AB  1 61
5 2 2
Ⅲ.Solve the inequality 2   1. 5
x (,5)  ( ,0)  (0,)
3

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3. The Midpoint Formula

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The midpoint of the line segment
joining P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) is
x1  x2 y1  y2
（ , ）
2 2

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Exercises

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4. Lines

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 It doesn't matter whether B is
The slope of a line through to the left or right of A.
A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2), where
x1≠x2, is rise y2  y1
m 
run x2  x1

a. All that matters is that we

subtract the coordinates in the
same order in the numerator and
the denominator.
b. Rises to the right – positive slope,
falls to right – negative slope.
c. Horizontal line – zero slope,
vertical line – no slope.
d. The slope m is a measure of the
steepness of a line.
e. The larger the absolute value of
the slope is, the steeper the line.

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Exercises

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5. The Point-Slope Form
The equation of a line can
be expressed in various
forms.

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The line passing through the (fixed) point (x1,y1) with slope m
has equation y  y1  m( x  x1）

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6. The Slope-Intercept Form

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The line intersecting the y-axis at (0,b) with slope m has
equation y  mx  b
a. Any time we see an equation written this way, we recognize it as a
line and can immediately read its slop and y-intercept.
3
3x  2 y  4  0 y x2
2

b. The equation of any vertical line can be put in the form x=k.
c. The equation of any horizontal line can be written in the form y=k.

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7. The General Linear Equation

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The equations of all the lines have the form
Ax  By  C  0, A and B not both 0

The general linear equation can cover all lines, including vertical and
horizontal lines.

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Exercises

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8. Parallel Lines

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 l1: y=2x+5
l2: y=2x+2 l1 and l2 are parallel, and l1
is 3 unites above l2.

• Two coplanar lines that have no points in common are said to be

parallel.
• Two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only if they have the
same slop and different y-intercepts.
• Two vertical lines are parallel if and only if they are distinct lines.

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9. Perpendicular Lines

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• Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if their
slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.

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Exercises

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