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Chemical
Equilibrium
15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium
Most chemical reactions are reversible.
CO(g ) 2 H2 (g ) CH OH(g )
3
N2O 4 (g ) 2 NO (g )
2
Double arrows (
) denote an equilibrium reaction.
At equilibrium,
the forward reaction: N2O4(g) 2 NO2(g), and
or
2
kf [NO 2 ]eq
Kc
kr [N 2 O 4 ]eq
[NO 2 ]2
K 0.143 at 25C
[N2O 4 ]
equilibrium constant
equilibrium constant expression
PCc PDd
For gases: KP P in atm
PA a PBb
[C]c [D]d
For solutions: Kc [ ] = mol/L
[A]a [B]b
Ex:
CaCO3 (s ) CaO(s ) CO (g )
2
Solution:
2
(a) K P P N 2O PH 2O
1
(b) K P
PCl2
PNO
2
K1 2
0.143 at 25 C
PN2O4
For,
2 NO2 (g ) N O (g )
[2]
2 4
PN 2O4 1
K2 6.99 at 25 C
PNO
2
0.143
2
Conclusion:
K5 K1 K 4
PN 2O4
Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009
Equilibrium Expressions
1
(d) SO3 (g) SO 2 (g) O2 (g)
2
calculate PS at 1130°C.
2 2
PH2 PS2
Solution: K 2.59 102
2
PH2S
(0.173) 2 PS2
2.59 102
(0.557) 2
PS = 0.268 atm
2
Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009
ise #3: K = 82.2 at 25°C for,
perfect square
Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009
se #3: (cont.)
(2 x) 2
82.2
(2.00 x)(2.00 x)
(2 x)
square root 9.066
(2.00 x)
2 x = 18.132 – 9.066 x
11.066 x = 18.132
x = 18.132 / 11.066 = 1.639
PNO PO
2
(0.50) 2 (0.25)
KP 2
158
PNO PNO
2 2
2 2
(0.50)2 (0.25)
PNO
2
2
158 = 3.956 104
KP 2
0.143
PN 2O4
KP 2
0.143 PNO2 + PN = 1.30 atm
PN2O4 2O4
Q: Why?
Ans: [N2] has increased. Which direction
will decrease [N2]?
N2 ( g ) 3 H 2 ( g ) 2 NH (g )
3
right
N2 decreases
left
N2 increases
N2 H2
NH3
Q: Why?
Ans: Total pressure has increased. Which
direction will decrease the total pressure?
Recall: P n
N (g ) 3 H (g ) 2 NH (g )
2 2 3
(4 moles gas) (2 moles gas)
less gas
less pressure
more gas
more pressure
Copyright McGraw-Hill 2009
Case III: Change: increase the temperature
Shift: to???
the left
Q: Why?
Ans: Temperature has increased. Which
direction decreases the temperature?
Recall, the reaction is exothermic.
ΔH rxn 92 kJ
right exothermic
heat evolved
endothermic left
heat absorbed
Q: Why?
Ans: Helium is not a reactant or product.
Adding helium (at constant V) does not
change PN2, PH2 or PNH3. Hence the
equilibrium will not shift.