Chapter 4: Interpolation

1. Polynomial Interpolation.
• Lagrange Interpolation.
• Newton’s divided difference method
2. Natural Cubic Spline Interpolation
Why need interpolation?
This called as linear interpolation
 General Form of Lagrange

for
  i=0,1,2,3 …n

n = number of interval/number of degree interpolating

polynomial
 n=3,
If
f3(x)=L0(x)f(x0) + L1(x)f(x1)+ L2(x)f(x2)+
L3(x)f(x3)

L0(x)=, 

L1(x)=

L2(x)=

L3(x)=
 Example 1
a)Find the Lagrange interpolating polynomial for
data f(0) = 1, f(2)= -1, f(4)= -1 and f(6)= 1.
b)Hence evaluate f(3), f(5) and f(6.5) if applicable.

Solution;
i 0 1 2 3

xi 0 2 4 6

f(xi) 1 -1 -1 1
 Lagrange polynomial; given i=0,1,2,3
Pn ( x)  L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  L1 ( x) f ( x1 )  L2 ( x) f ( x2 )  L3 ( x) f ( x3 )

a) Find L0(x), L1(x), …. L3(x),

L0 ( x) 
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3 
 x0  x1  x0  x2  x0  x3 

L1 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x2  x  x3 
 x1  x0  x1  x2  x1  x3 
L2 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x1  x  x3 
 x2  x0  x2  x1  x2  x3 

L3 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x1  x  x2 
 x3  x0  x3  x1  x3  x2 
L0 ( x ) 
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3 

 x  2  x  4  x  6 
 x0  x1  x0  x2  x0  x3   0  2 0  4 0  6
1
  x  2 x  4 x  6
48

L1 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x2  x  x3 

 x  0  x  4  x  6 
 x1  x0  x1  x2  x1  x3   2  0 2  4 2  6
1
  x  x  4  x  6 
16

L2 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x1  x  x3 

 x  0 x  2 x  6 
 x2  x0  x2  x1  x2  x3   4  0 4  2 4  6
1
 x x  2  x  6
16
 L3 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x1  x  x2 

 x  0 x  2  x  4 
 x3  x0  x3  x1  x3  x2   6  0 6  2 6  4
1
 x x  2 x  4 
48

As we know Lagrange polynomial;

Pn ( x)  L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  L1 ( x) f ( x1 )  L2 ( x) f ( x2 )  L3 ( x) f ( x3 )

 1  1 
   x  2  x  4  x  6   (1)    x  x  4  x  6   (1) 
 48  16 
 1  1 
 16 x  x  2  x  6   ( 1)   48 x x  2  x  4   (1)
   
 b) Hence evaluate f(3), f(5) and f(6.5)
From the table, we only can interpolate xi3 and
5. Coz xi=6.5 is not in interval.

Subs into Pn (x).

How to know number of Lagrange polynomials

you need?  Refer to i = 0,1,2,3  4 poly OR

Pn ( x)  L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  L1 ( x) f ( x1 )  L2 ( x) f ( x2 )  L3 ( x) f ( x3 )

1 2 3 4
 Example 2
Given (x,y) (1,2) , (2,3) and (3,7). Approximate
f(1.5) using Langrange interpolating polynomial.

Solution;

i 0 1 2

xi 1 2 3

f(xi) 2 3 7
 How many Lagrange polynomials you need?
L (x) given i = 0,1,2 so we have
i

L0 ( x), L1 ( x), L2 ( x)

L0 ( x) 
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3 

 x  2  x  3
 x0  x1  x0  x2  x0  x3  1  21  3
1
  x  2  x  3
2
Coz value of last i 2, xi=x2 ….No x3
L1 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x2   x  1 x  3

 x1  x0  x1  x2   2  1 2  3
 1 x  1 x  3

L2 ( x) 
 x  x0  x  x1 

 x  1 x  2
 x2  x0  x2  x1   3  1 3  2
1
  x  1 x  2 
2
Find f(1.5) with subs x = 1.5 into each Langrange polynomial

1 
L0   1.5  2 1.5  3 ,
2 
L1   (1)(1.5  1)(1.5  3),
1 
L2   (1.5  1)(1.5  2)
2 
L0  0.375, L1  0.75, L2  0.125
Using Lagrange polynomial;

Pn ( x)  L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  .....Li ( x) f ( xi )

Pn ( x)  L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  L1 ( x) f ( x1 )  L2 ( x) f ( x2 )
 0.375(2)  0.75(3)  0.125(7)  2.215
xy

Example 3
A robot arm with a rapid laser scanner is doing a quick quality
check on holes drilled in a rectangular plate. The centers of the
holes in the plate describe the path the arm needs to take, and
the hole centers are located on a Cartesian coordinate system
(with the origin at the bottom left corner of the plate) given by
the specifications in Table 1: The coordinates of the holes on
the plate.
x (in.) y (in.)
2.00 7.2
4.25 7.1
5.25 6.0
7.81 5.0
9.20 3.5
10.60 5.0
a) If the laser is traversing from x=2 to
x=4.25 in a linear path, what is the value
of y at x=4 using the Lagrangian method
and a first order polynomial?

Solution;
i x (in.) y (in.)
0 2.00 7.2
7.25 1 4.25 7.1
7.2
7.15
7.1
7.05
7 x=4, y?
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
 Given;
x0  2.00, y  x0   7.2 x1  4.25, y  x1   7.1

For sequence of x0 and x1. i=0,1. We have 2 basic

polynomial L0 ( x ), L1 ( x)
Pn ( x)  L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  .....Li ( x) f ( xi )
 L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  L1 ( x) f ( x1 )

L0 ( x) 
 x  x1  x  x2  x  x3 

 x  4.25
 x0  x1  x0  x2  x0  x3   2  4.25
L1 ( x ) 
 x  x0  
 x  2
 x1  x0   4.25  2 
The value of y when x=4;
 L0 ( x) f ( x0 )  L1 ( x) f ( x1 )


 4  4.25
(7.2) 
 4  2
(7.1)
 2  4.25  4.25  2
 0.8  6.31  7.11inch
xy

Exercise 1
1) A robot arm with a rapid laser scanner is doing a quick
quality check on holes drilled in a rectangular plate. The
centers of the holes in the plate describe the path the arm
needs to take, and the hole centers are located on a
Cartesian coordinate system (with the origin at the bottom
left corner of the plate) given by the specifications in Table
2.
x (in.) y (in.)
2.00 7.2
4.25 7.1
5.25 6.0
7.81 5.0
9.20 3.5
10.60 5.0
a) If the laser is traversing from x=2 to x=4.25
and to x=5.25 in a quadratic path, what is the
value of y at x=4 using a second order
Lagrange polynomial?

2) By using Lagrange interpolation, evaluate f(3)

if f(0)=2, f(1)=1 and f(4)=4.
Newton Divided Difference Method
 Example 4
a)Find the Newton’s interpolatory divided
difference polynomial and approximate value
for f(2.5).
b)Find f(2.5) if f(2)= 0.51 is added in the data
given.
i 0 1 2

xi 2.1 2.4 2.6

f(xi) 0.521 0.51 0.381

 Solution;

i xi fi(0) fi(1) fi(2)

0 2.1 0.521 0.51  0.521  0.645  (0.037)

-0.037 -1.216
2.4  2.1 2.6  2.1
1 2.4 0.51 0.381  0.51
-0.645
2.6  2.4
2 2.6 0.381
 Formula of Newton interpolatory divided
difference polynomial
(0) (1) ( 2) ( 3)
Pn ( x)  f 0  f 0 ( x  x0 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )
(n)
 f 0 ( x  x0 )....( x  xn1 )

Find f(2.5) which is same with P(2.5);

( 0) (1) ( 2)
P( x)  f 0  f 0 ( x  x0 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 0.521   (0.037)( x  2.1)   (1.216)( x  2.1)( x  2.4)
P(2.5)  subs x  2.5  0.458
 b)Find f(2.5) if f(2)= 0.51 is added in the
data given
i xi fi(0) fi(1) fi(2) fi(3)

0 2.0 0.51 0.521  0.51  0.037  0.11  1.216  (0.36

2.1  2.0 2.4  2.0 2.6  2
1 2.1 0.521
0.51  0.521  0.645  (0.037)
2.4  2.1 2.6  2.1
2 2.4 0.51
0.381  0.51
3 2.6 0.381 2.6  2.4
 Formula of Newton interpolatory divided
difference polynomial
(0) (1) ( 2) ( 3)
Pn ( x)  f 0  f 0 ( x  x0 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )
(n)
 f 0 ( x  x0 )....(x  xn1 )

Find f(2.5);
( 0) (1) ( 2) ( 3)
P ( x )  f0  f0 ( x  x 0 )  f0 ( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )  f0 ( x  x 0 )( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )

 0.51 ( 0.11)( x  2.0 )  ( 0.368)( x  2.0 )( x  2.1)  ( 1.413)( x  2.0 )( x  2.1)( x  2.4 )

P ( 2.5 )  subs x  2.5  0.463

 Example 5
Find the Newton’s interpolatory divided
difference polynomial and approximate value
for f(2.5)

xi 2.4 2.6 2.1

f(xi) 0.510 0.381 0.521

 Solution;
i xi fi(0) fi(1) fi(2)

0 2.4 0.51 0.381  0.51  0.28  (0.645)

2-0.645
.6  2 .4 2.-1.217
1  2.4
1 2.6 0.381 0.521  0.381
-0.28
2.1  2.6
2 2.1 0.521
 Formula of Newton interpolatory divided
difference polynomial
(0) (1) ( 2) ( 3)
Pn ( x)  f 0  f 0 ( x  x0 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x2 )
(n)
 f 0 ( x  x0 )....( x  xn1 )

Find f(2.5) =?
(0) (1) ( 2)
P2 ( x)  f 0  f 0 ( x  x0 )  f 0 ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )
 0.510   (0.645)( x  2.4)   (1.217)( x  2.4)( x  2.6)
P2 (2.5)  subs x  2.5  0.458
Exercise 2
Page 106No-9
Piecewise Polynomial Approximation
Step 4: Generate formula

Where k=0,1,2,3 …. n-1

Known y=f
 Example 6
Construct natural cubic spline if S(x) interpolates
the data f(-1) = -1, f(0)=0, f(1)=1 and f(2)=0.

Solution;
Step 1: Construct divided difference table
k xk yk hk dk bk
f1  f 0
0 -1 -1 x1  x0 6( d1  d 0 )
h0
1 0 0 f 2  f1
x2  x1 6( d 2  d1 )
h1
2 1 1 f3  f 2
x3  x2
h2
3 2 0
 Solve it; yk = fk

k xk yk hk dk bk

0 -1 -1 0  (1)  1 0  (1)  1 6(1  1)  0

1
1 0
1 0 0 1 0  1 1 6(1  1)  12
1
2 1 1 0 1
2 1  1  1
1
3 2 0
Step 2: Derive simultaneous equation
Subs value of k= 0,1,2,3..n-2 into;
How to know total of k? k=4, 0,1,2,3.
n-2  4-2=2. So k=0, k=1  m0=m(n-1=4-13)=0

k=0 h0 m0  2(h0  h1 )m1  h1m2  b0

1m0  2(1  1) m1  1m2  0.....m0  0
4m1  m2  0

k=1 h1m1  2(h1  h2 )m2  h2 m3  b1

1m1  2(1  1)m2  1m3  12.....m3  0
m1  4m2  12
Step 3: Solve m1 and m2 = ?
4m1  m2  0
m1  4m2  12

4m1  m2  0
()4m1  16m2  48
m2  3.2, m1  0.8
Step 4: Generate equation,
How to know total of k that will be used?
Value of k=4, k=0,1,2,3 .. n-1 = 4-1 = 3
So k=0, k=1, k=2
Clamped Cubic Spline
Exercise
Page 96, No;6