User-Producer Conference

Water Accounting for Integrated Water Resource Management

May 22 – 24, 2006 (Voorburg, the Netherlands)

Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE)

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI)

:Integrated Irrigation Improvement & Management

Towards an Efficient Water Management for a Sustainable
Development of Water Resources in
Egypt
Eng. YOSRY KHAFAGY
Procurement Specialist, PMU-IIIMP-MWRI
Ph.D. Candidate, Civil Engineering, Irrigation & Hydraulics
 Main Pillars and Deriving forces!
Why IWRM?!

Ever-increasing Population Led to

Population growth; Increasing Pressure on Water&Land
Resources

 Water Scarcity; Limited Conventional Resources and Non-

conventional Ones, while increasing Demand

 Sectors competition; Increasing Sectors Demand (Irrigation,

Drinking, Industry, …etc.)
Rural Poor need to withstand the limited
Food security; food availability which is mainly a water
dependent issue

Pollution & emission. Ever-increasing water and environment

pollutants destroy the main elements in the
food-chain
Cost of new resources; Lack of available financial resources
required for new resources investments.
EGYPT: Population Growth & Per-Capita Water Allocation
1897 - 2050
300 6.5

Per-Capita Water Allocation (1000 m3)

275 6.0
Population Growth (Million)

250 5.5
225 5.0
200 4.5
4.0
175
3.5
150
3.0
125
2.5
100 2.0
75 1.5
50 1.0
25 0.5
0 0.0

2016
1897
1907
1917
1927
1937
1947
1960
1966
1976
1986
1996
2006

2025
2035
2050
Population Growth (1897-2050) Per-Capita Water Allocation
EGYPT: Population Growth & Per-Capita Land Allocation
1897 - 2050

Per Capita Agriculture Land Allocation (Fed)

300 0.9
275
Population Growth (Million)

0.8
250
225 0.7
200 0.6
175 0.5
150
125 0.4
100 0.3
75 0.2
50
25 0.1
0 0
1897
1907
1917
1927

1960
1966
1976
1986
1996
2006
2016
1937
1947

2025
2035
2050
Population Growth (1897-2050) Per-Capita Land Allocation
 Current and Future Water Resources Availability

Demand:  Agriculture (84.5%) Dinking (6%) Industry (9.5%)

Nile Water
Resources: - 57.5 55.5
Rains and Floods
1.5 – 1.0

GW
(Deserts&Sinai)
3.5 - 1.0
Current (BCM)

GW
Future 2017

(Valley&Delta)
8.0 – 6.5
Crop Pattern&IIP Agr. Dr. Reuse
Wastewater 8.5 - 5.0
4.0 + 3.0 2.0 - 0.7
 Opportunities and Major Tasks!

Opportunities Major Country Strategy Tasks


Availability;
Availability; Regulatory&policy
 Regulatory&policyframework;
framework;

 Integrated
 IntegratedPlanning;
Planning;
Technology;
Technology;
Efficient
 EfficientEconomic
Economicmechanisms;
mechanisms;

±±ve veImpact
Impacton: on:
--Natural
Naturalresources;
resources; Introduction
-Environment;  Introductionto
toPPP
PPPapproach;
approach;
-Environment;andand
-Public
-Publichealth.
health.
Raising
 RaisingAwareness/Maintain
Awareness/Maintainconvincing;
convincing;

Sustainability.
Sustainability. Decentralization
 Decentralization&
&Participation;
Participation;and
and

Bridging
 Bridgingresearch
researchand
andPractice.
Practice.
 Needs Assessments for Sustainable Use

Requirements? Accommodation!

Standards&&
Standards
Guidelines
Guidelines
At
At
Appropriate
Appropriate
Technology Abstraction
Abstraction
Technology

Monitoring&&
Monitoring
Evaluation
Evaluation
During
During
Operational
Operational
Rules
Delivery
Delivery
Rules

Law
Law
Enforcement
Enforcement AtAt
Awareness/
Awareness/ End
EndUser
User
Convince
Convince
 IWRM Action Plan

 Tackling fragmented water service delivery concerns ;

 Empowering water users for participation in the

planning and implementation process;

 Facilitating greater private sector investments in

irrigation and drainage infrastructure;

 Redefining the role of public agencies through

Integrated Irrigation Management.
Current Setting of MWRI Institutions (Fragmentized)

:MWRI MED EPAD ID

Other Min. Sectors Nile

Central Directorates C.D C.D C.D Regions

General Directorates G.D G.D G.D Main canal

te r a c t i o ns io n
o w n i n r di na t
Top-d e c to r a l coo n ag em e nt
Inspectorates
i t e d cr oss-s nIns
ni ng & ma
Ins Ins
L i m r a t e dp l a
in t eg Several BCs
Limited
Districts Dist Dist Dist
BCs/Meskas

Farmers / F / WUs
F / WUs Marwas/Plots
Water Users
 Approached Setting of MWRI Institutions (Integrated)
Top

SUBSIDIARITY Central Government Nile

+ PARTNERSHIPS

Decentralization
= INTEGRATED PLANNING

Delegation
& MANAGEMENT CDs/GDs Main canal
Up Reg Mgt Com
IWMD Adv. Com.
Integrated WM Several BCs
Responsabilization

Dist. WBOs
Districts
Empowerment

BC WUAs BC
Down

WUAs Meska

Farmers /WUs Marwas/Plots

Bottom
 MWRI’s Endeavors Towards
IWRM
Endeavors

 Introduction of (PIM) approach: Water Boards Project (WBP),

 Introduction of Irrigation Improvement Projects (IIPs);

 Introduction of Pump Stations Rehabilitation Projects (PSRPs);

 Introduction of National Drainage Projects (NDPs);

 Introduction of Agricultural Policy Reform Project (APRP);

 Life Integrated Water Resources Management Project (LIFE)

 Last, but not least introduction of a new approach to Integrated

Irrigation Improvement and Management Project (IIIMP).
 IIIMP Phase I: (in Nile Delta)
Target groups
MWRI Staff and Institutions, Rural poor in Nile Delta, other Stackholders

Objectives
 Ensure sustainable optimum use of water and land resources
throughout strengthening the decentralization of decision making
and users’ participation in planning, operation and maintenance
activities;

 Increase the economic return in the project command areas by

optimizing the use of available resources and improved
infrastructures;

 Broaden the saving in irrigation cost and controlling the water use
for other purposes;

 Increase the agriculture productivity, hence, increasing the

farmers income and improving the quality of life in the rural
communities;
IIIMP Command Areas
Component 1: Improved and Integrated
Water Management

 Ensure availability of proper technical structures and

procedures to support a sustainable optimization of water
resource use.

 Improve the water delivery to water users through

Irrigation and drainage networks as well as pumping stations
system upgrading and rehabilitation.

 Improve the operational and maintenance procedures as

critical requirements to ensure the cost-effectiveness and
sustainability of the investments.
Component 2: Institutional Development
and Capacity Building

 Empower water users through organizations that allow them

to solve their internal disputes, assess their needs and priorities
and consolidate them so that they can more easily be taken into

 Simultaneously, a transfer of responsibilities can be

considered so as to let water users deal with local issues and let
managers focus on higher scale issues.

 This process combines empowerment and responsabilization

of water users: they are no longer beneficiaries or recipients but
actors within a process
Component 3: Project Management,
Coordination and Integration

 Regulatory Framework : Integrated cooperative managerial

schemes to be set up among MWRI entities and other pertinent
agencies.
 Cross-sectoral coordination: ensures appropriate technical, social,
environmental, and economic conditions, Limits duplication and
contradiction among various agencies.

 Decentralization : proper regulatory and policy framework in

order to guide local decision-makers at most lowest appropriate level.

 Participation : involvement of water users whose needs and

priorities have to be properly identified and addressed for effective
results. can significantly improve management practices and reduce
costs.
 Component 4: Environmental
Mainstreaming

 Looks into the environmental impacts of the project. The

objective is to identify and mitigate those while also looking at
how the project can contribute to improving environmental
conditions in general (and notably water quality issues).

 The overall environmental impact of the IIIMP is expected

to be positive, leading to improved land and water
management.
 environmental management plan (EMP) to be addressed
main environmental issues and significant impacts: i. the
uncontrolled discharge of sewage into irrigation and drainage systems, with
corresponding impacts on public health, ii. the improper disposal of solid
wastes into irrigation and drainage canals.
Component 5: On-Farm Water
Management

Objective: Improved Water Use

Consideration is to be given to development &
implementation of comprehensive pilot on-farm
integrated water management and agricultural
programs, aimed at providing farmers with
relevant and practical demonstrations of better
practices to maximize benefits resulting from
introduction of improved operational flow
regimes and other system improvements
 Proposed techniques of on-farm development

I. Technology Transfer: Introduction of improved

irrigation and agronomic technologies to farmers
aiming at reducing water losses, irrigating more
uniformly, thus increasing yields & returns
II. Marketing: Provision of market information to farmers’
to maximize returns (e.g. more informed crop selection,
shift to higher value crops)
III.Contribution to adoption of irrigation improvement:
Assisting in implementation of irrigation improvement
program by contributing to farmers’ awareness about
benefits of irrigation improvement
Water allocation Mechanisms and Methodologies
Water Allocation Procedures at National Level

 Along Nile Valley and Main Canals System;

August
August
Information needs assessments: Hydrological
Hydrologicalyearly
yearly
allocation
allocationplan
plan
- Cropping Pattern in different areas;
August-September
August-September
Planned
Plannedreleases
releasesfrom
from
- Climatic conditions; and HAD
HADtotoreach
reachDelta
Delta(10
(10
days),
days),when
whenfilled
filledwith
with
- Expected water demands. yearly
yearlyfloods
floods

September-October
September-October
National
Nationalyearly
yearlyallocation
allocationPlan
Plantotobe
be National
Nationalyearly
yearlyallocation
allocation
adjusted
adjustedduring
duringimplementation
implementationthrough
through Plan
Plan
information
information(crop
(cropPattern&demand/15
Pattern&demand/15days) days)
 Allocation to each main canal (mostly allocates a
proportional distribution to each main command area).

Considering:
- Climate; Modernization
Modernizationof ofthe
the
National Allocation yearly
National Allocation yearly
- Secondary sources plan
planthrough
throughComputerized
Computerized
1- drainage re-use system
system
2- GW ==
Matching
MatchingSupply
Supplyandand
Demand Program
Demand Program
The
Thesosocalled,
called,
(MISD)
(MISD)
Winter
WinterQuota/CA
Quota/CA Summer
SummerQuota/CA
Quota/CA Two
Two seasons
seasons in in the
the
10
10mm3/fed/day
3
/fed/day 40
40mm3/fed/day
3
/fed/day cropping cycle:
cropping cycle:
Summer
Summerseason:
season:
May
MaytotoAugust-September
August-September
Yearly
Yearlyaverage
averagequota
quota Winter
Winterseason:
season:
30
30mm3/fed/day
3
/fed/day September-October
September-Octoberto
to
April
 M&E Model of IWMD

Two-category Indicators

Implementation Indicators Outcome Indicators

IWMD Established Quality of Irrigation Service

Data-based Management Equity of Water Distribution

BCWUAs Participating Value of Agricultural output

 1: Quality of Irrigation Service
Baseline values will assess future changes in pilot IWMD

Project-wide baseline values are a data availability

dependent 1.1 Number of Complaints
 1.2:Actual and Target District Inflows

District Target Water Allocation is provided each 15-daily

period during the irrigation year (semi-monthly).

Inflow and outflow structures are to be calibrated for

computing the actual flow delivered to the district

Ratio of actual and target allocation values are to be

determined in both summer and winter seasons.

Share of No. of 15-daily periods for which supply matched

target within ±10% is to be computed.
 1.3:Farmers Satisfaction

Client satisfaction surveys should provide information on

farmer satisfaction in both summer and winter seasons. (survey
shows that 72 and 94% of farmers are satisfied in Summer and
Winter respectively, hence, efficient water management.
 1.4:Rotations

Rotating irrigation service among branch canals is one of the

most important tools managers have, of allocating available
water.

Rotating irrigation service should be officially set up.

the Main concern of IWMDs is to adjust and customize

rotations as they attempt to save water and improve the quality
of irrigation service to farmer.
Degree of correspondence between planned and actual
rotation patterns require better data before they can be
computed.
2: Equity of Water Distribution

Relative Water Supply Not responding, due to the

among IWMDS unavailability of data

Group 1:

3 Equal groups
Easy to supply with water

Equity among Branch Group 2:

Canals (Equity Index) Moderate to supply with Water
Group 3:
Difficult to supply with water

ESI = Satisfaction in head

Equity along Branch (upper-third)/satisfaction in tail
Canals (ESI) (lower-third)
BCWUAs assume increased
responsibility for WD
3: Value of Agricultural Output
It is subjected to many influences beyond the
quality of irrigation service
In Summer = LE 4.441 / Fed

In Winter = LE 3.803 / Fed

Output per Unit Land
They may not be very
sensitive to changes in
Outcomes of the quality of irrigation
Investments service. They should
be examined at a
large scale.
Output per Unit Water
In Summer = LE 0.57 – 3.34 / CM

In Winter = LE 0.25 – 2.76 / CM

 Rationalization
IWMD Model can achieve!

Subsidiarity: (vertical integration) “decision-taking at

lowest possible level”
- framework, procedures & enforcing them
- expertise/technical support/implementation capacity

Geographic integration: (horizontal integration)

“hydrological boundaries”

O&M integration: regrouping of all I&D and WRM

responsibilities

Planning & implementation integration: IWMD = focal

point/partner for all P&I activities
 Achievements

BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES

Irrigation Sector  Water saving of about 830

  MCM/Year.

Possibility
of using the saved
water with a value of 5500
CM/fed/year for cultivating
about 145000 fed of high-cash
crops.
 BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES

Operation cost will be reduced to about

Irrigation
50% together with improving the water
Improvement management at secondary, tertiary, and
and Agriculture quaternary levels as a result of pump
electrification.
Sector  Increase the efficiency of field irrigation
from 45% to 60% which means saving in
irrigation water (500 MCM/year).
 Add new agriculture land as a result of
changing from open meska system
improvement to a buried pipeline ones
(achieve an annual return of about
(US$1350/fed/year).
 Increase the main conventional summer
and winter crops by about 12% as a result
of the continuous flow application which
insures a daily continual water demand per
fed of about 30 CM/fed/day.
 BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES
Drainage Sector Improve the drainage conditions as a
result of introducing modified drainage
system at field level. This will improve the
crop pattern other than rice which are
cultivated beside rice (expected increase in
cotton price = US$110/fed) achieving an
incremental of the annual return of about
MUS$ 8).
 Saving a water volume of about
2500CM/fed/season in case of cultivating
the short-period life-time span rice. (in case
of cultivating 50% of the improved 103,000
fed with this kind of rice, the water saving
will be 125 to 130 MCM/rice season.
 BENEFICIARY OUTCOMES

Users  Undertaking the responsibilities of O&M

at tertiary level by WUAs will result in
Organization saving their cost which was evaluated as
US$ 2.5/fed. Expected saving /year =
MUS$0.5/year).
 Reduce the violations of rice cultivation.

Environment  Reduction in the deteriorated value of

agriculture land (form US$90 to
sector US$45/fed/year) as a result of water
quality improvement to be maintained with
the project implementation.
 World Bank 2004, (agriculture land
degradation due to –ve environmental
impact resulting from deteriorated water
quality is count to 1% of the overall GDP).
Thank You and Wish You
a Fruitful Conference