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CDMA RF Optimization

Presentation · October 2000

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18357.17121

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CDMA RF Optimization

Dr. Joseph Shapira

CEO, Celletra Ltd.

2000 CDMA Americas Congress

3G design Workshop
October 25, San Diego, CA
 OPTIMIZATION –
Managing the Resources for
Maximum Benefit
Resources: Hardware, Frequencies, Operations Staff
•Maximize ACTIVE capacity
•Maximize range
•Maximize/ Segment Performance
•Minimize Capital and Operational Costs
 CDMA Capacity Limits
Interference – reverse link limit
Power (EIRP) – forward link limit
Channels – reverse link (hardware) limit
Walsh Codes – forward link limit
Pilot Ec/Io – forward link limit
- SHO zone mistuning (Pilot does not
match reverse link. Rev. link limit)
- Pilot pollution in the cells’ cluster
(Dropped Calls in SHO zone)
 Range Enhancement –
Diversity is the Key
• On the Reverse Link
– Reduce the required EB/It by diversities (increase the allowed
pathloss)
– Increase antenna gain, and reduce Noise Figure (= increase
G/T)
– Match the polarization to the incoming wave
• On the Forward link
– Reduce the required EB/It by diversities
– Increase the EIRP (Power x Antenna Gain)
– Match the polarization to the Mobile antenna
 FORWARD LINK PERFORMANCE

Forward Link is bounded by interference and diversity effects between

Orthogonality – no in-cell interference, but no multipath diversity.2.5dB<Eb/Io<10dB
Non Orthogonality – in-cell interference, but additional diversity. 4dB<Eb/Io<6dB

Non Orthogonal Interference Orthogonal Interference

Other cells loaded 50%
(noise limited)
Relative Eb / I0 [dB]
80
70
60
50
40

Eb
30
/ 20
Load full .75 .5 .25 10
0
-10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
0 .0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0 .7
0 .8
0 .9
1 .0
1 .1
1 .2
1 .3
Distance from BS

Distance from BS (in cell radius units)

 Forward Link Eb/Io

Number of Rayleigh rays

1
2
3
4

2 4 6 8 10 Eb/Io / Diversity gain

 Fwd Link Fast Power Control
•Proposed for mitigating fading for slow movers
•Multipath causes non-orthogonal interference
•Uneven power allocations increase interference and
reduce capacity (“Near-Far Effect”)
•Forward Power Control is different than reverse P.C.:
•Accurate reverse P.C. does not add interference
•Forward P.C. – does (with non-orthogonal multipath)
•Power Control dynamic range has to be limited to a few
dB, which has limited effect in fading mitigation
 Fwd Link Diversity Gain
Single Rayleigh Ray
Interleaver gain
PSTD, POSTD (addition to interleaver)
Diversity Gain (dB)
TDTD (addition to interleaver)
OCTD (over TDTD)
8
6
4
2

10 20 30 40 50 Km/h (@2GHz)
 Fwd Link Diversity Gain
Two Rayleigh Rays
Interleaver gain
Two-ray diversity
PSTD, POSTD (addition to interleaver)
Diversity Gain (dB)
TDTD (addition to interleaver)
OCTD (over TDTD)
8
6
4
2

10 20 30 40 50 Km/h (@2GHz)
 Sector Antenna Pattern
and the Pilot Problem
•The antenna is an angular low-pass
filter
•Its gain degrades toward the sector
boundary, and power control has to
compensate for that
•There is no power control for the
pilot, and it has to be set to the peak
value
•Narrower beamwidth reduces the
Softer Handoff zone, but increases 1200
the pilot and the total power
 Cost of Narrowing the Beamwidth
Assumes uniform distribution, 30% power
Softer Handoff vs
overhead, -3dB @ SHO
Beamwidth
•The pilot is not controlled by PC and is
tuned for the SHO border 12
10
Beamwidth0 120 90 68
8
Crossover (dB) 3 7 12

dB
6
SHO % 28% 7% 2% 4
2
Pilot 1 5 10
0
(dB above sector center) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total power 0 3 6 Crossover (dB)

Total Traffic power (dB)

(dB above uniform sector)
Pilot Power (dB)
Total Power (dB)
 SECTORIZATION EFFICIENCY-
DEPENDENCE ON THE BEAMWIDTH
Reverse Link Limit
b (dB)= Crossover between sectors
(Assumes average sidelobe level –15 dB)
b (dB)

Single cell sectorized

in an Omni cells cluster

Whole cell cluster sectorized



With Soft Hand-off

 Narrow Beam –
Pros and Cons
650 beam vs. 1200 beam
•Rev. link capacity (sectorization effficiency) +5-10%
•Range (power limit for MS) <60% @ sector edges
•Pilot power - Needs more 10 dB to match sector edge
bulges 10 dB over rev. link at the sector center
•Soft Hand Off (Hex) – Substantially larger, capacity loss (loss
of channels), potential pilot polution
TRILEAF (INTERSTICH) GRID
Recognize the fact that the antenna has a pattern.
Interstich the patterns of adjacent cells.
Sectors cross at -12 dB. Beamwidth 680

Boresight

-12 dB

-2.5 dB
 Comparison of Hex vs. Trileaf
Based on the same allocated power per sector, R-4 pathloss

Feature Hex Trileaf

Distance between BTSs 1 1
Covered area 1 1
Soft Handoff (=4) 30% 20%
S+SO S+SO
Softer HO b= -3dB 28% 58% 10% 30%
b=-4 dB 19% 49% 10% 30%
b=-5 dB 14% 44% 10% 30%
 Beam Tilting

•Considered a tool for reducing interference at the horizon

•A down-tilt of one beamwidth reduces the gain to the horizon
by over 10 dB and steepens the transmission-loss slope
•The antenna noise temperature depends on the part of the beam
that views the Earth
•By tilting the beam one beamwidth down, the Noise Figure
increases by about 3 dB
•This shortens the reverse link range by 16%, and causes an
unbalance between rev/ fwd/pilot.
 Inhomogeneous Cell

High-clutter dense urban

Single ray Rayleigh
Eb/Io -> 10 dB

Open, Line of Sight

Single ray high Rician
Eb/Io -> 3 dB

Developed Suburban
Long delay multipath
Eb/Io = 5 dB
Loss of orthogonality

Half of the power is lost, if no EIRP

shaping is applied
 THE NEED FOR
SECTOR SHAPING

SECTOR SHAPING, separate for Tx and for Rx:

•Steep fall-off – reduces Softer HandOff zone
•Pattern shaping – reduces the intercell overlap
matches the Pilot Ec/Io to the Rev. link boundary
 Features of Interest in
0
Adaptive Antennas
1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241 253 265 277 289 301 313 325 337 349
Maximize signal
CDMA (Reuse of 1)
-10

Narrow Band
-20

-30 Pow

-40

Null/ minimize interference sources

-50

Systems with Reuse > 3 optimize the sidelobe region. Need high accuracy, high
dynamic range, multiple
-60
loop adaptive arrays
CDMA (Reuse=1) maximizes the gain
 STTD
Space-Time Transmit Diversity
Information transfer limit
Time Bandwidth product
Radiation resolution limit
Angle Aperture product  
Problem: Antenna Aperture is
limited
Moral: full benefit is possible only
in scenarios of wide angle spread
 Delay and Angle Spread
in a suburban environment
Statistics Main cluster Further Spread
Delay Exponent 1 – 2 s Isolated fingers
Angle Gaussian 6 – 100 Isolated fingers

Histogram

Snap-Shot

Delay Angle
Simplified Beam Steering is effective
FORWARD VS REVERSE LINK LIMITS
EIRP required  R4
For a given EIRP N (number of users)  R-4 (coverage limit)
If N= R2
Then R2  R-4 -> R-6
For rev. link interference limit R-2
R  Rev. link limit
When balanced -  Power limit
Nominal radius
(full capacity rev. link)

 (ERLANG per unit area)

A balanced cell reaches full capacity (interference limit) at the edge
of the coverage that limits the BTS EIRP (power). Otherwise the cell
is power limited
 Coverage & Capacity vs. Gain
Forward Link (power limited)
• EIRP P x G  R6
• But G 
G R3 , or R G1/3
(only if the diversity gain is maintained)
Reverse Link (Interference limited)
• Number of users in the beams is constant (interference limited)
• N R2 R2/G
G R2 , or R G1/2

Max capacity (links balanced) when R P1/2

N(# of users in the cell) G  M (# of elements in the array)

Pilot Setting with Smart Antenna
Io/Ec(r)  1/*PB2/PB1*G2/G1*((2R-r)/r)^-4 +OF/
+ OF/ *G10)G1()
(OF=Orthogonality Factor); =fraction of BTS power in the pilot; PBi=power in
beam i; R=nominal cell radius)

The first term has to be Beam B0; B1; B2

independent of G, or SHO
cannot be controlled
#2
PB2/PB1*G2/G1Constant
(clever antenna control) #1
The smart antenna gain is in the
3rd term
 Clever Antenna -
Coverage Control over the “Smart Antenna”
Antenna array

Coverage shaping
Beam tilting
Receiver, D/A (optional)

Bus matrix

Channelized Adaptive
Beam Forming Network
 THE Clever Antenna -
Optimizing the CDMA Network
•Bounds the Smart Antenna, balances the links and optimizes the
SHO window
•Non Intrusive - RF control only
•Controls G/T (Reverse link boundary), TADD (Ec/Io boundary),
EIRP (Fwd link boundary)
•Uses network parameters (cell loads, pilots Ec/Io) to balance
the SHO zones and the Tx power
•Optimizes the network from the Network Management Center
 Active Antennas
Optimal antenna positioning for coverage requires separation from
the BTS. The solution is Active Antennas.
•Thin cables, or Optical Fibers
•(Consider that a “Smart antenna” requires up to 4 cables per
element – 16 cables per sector or 48 per cell)
•Reduces the size of the BTS by 70%
•Optimizes Performance – Diversities, coverage holes, smart cells
•Modular Active antennas have inherent redundancy for Exceptional
Reliability
 BEAMER TM Products

BEAMERTM
Fi-BEAMERTM
PCS Shaper

640 W EIRP, PCS

ICU (interface& Control Unit)

 The BeamerTM Shaper TM
•Dynamically shapes the coverage per remote commands
•Softer-HandOff zone reduced 50%, Soft-HandOff tailored to situation and
reduced 40%, pilot pollution mitigated
•Shapes Rx and Tx separately, for ultimate optimization of the network

Amplifiers are at the

aperture – max. usage of
total power is made in any
configuration

built in
Polarization Diversity
 RF Extension –
The Fi- BEAMERTM
Unique Features
800 MHz Fi- BEAMERTM
• Most compact remote antenna
•Self contained: only fiber and power
Footprint: Height 83 cm
inputs
Width 37 cm
•Rx and Tx Polarization Diversity
•Low Noise Figure – less than 4 dB
system noise
•Single and Multiple Carriers Models
• Fully Controllable Coverage
•Low operational costs
•Lower excess delay than narrow band RF
over fiber repeaters
View publication stats

Optimization Summary
Radio Optimization Parameters and tools
Eb/Io Channel conditions: Access positioning – remote antennas, Diversities
Eb/Io Interference reduction: Beam shaping, “Smart Antenna”
G/T Low Noise Figure, Filtering, Gain and tilt control, “smart antenna”

EIRP Available Radiated Power, Gain and tilt control, “smart antenna”,
polarization matching

SHO Pilot/ Rev./ Fwd balancing Clever antenna

The BEAMERTM Technology provides them all