At the end of the discussion, student

s should be able to:

✓discuss the three statistical measur
es;
✓explain the characteristics of mean,
median, mode;
✓state how to arrange the scores gath
ered for the grouped data; and
✓calculate the mean, median, and mode
of the grouped and ungrouped data.
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
➢ describes the most typical behavior of a group.
This tells us where the middle of the bunch of data lies.
Three statistical measures are used for
estimating central tendency: the mean, the median and the mode.
Mean
✓ The mean (x said “ex bar”) is
the most commonly used measure of
the center of data and it
is also referred as the “arithme
tic average”.
✓ It is the most common measure o
f central tendency. It is simply
the sum of the numbers fivided by
the sum of numbers in a set of da
ta.
Characteristics and uses of mean:

• 1) Mean is computed using all the values in the data se

t.
• 2) Mean varies less for samples taken from the same p
opulation when compared to the
• median or mode.
• 3) The Mean is unique for a data set.
• 4) Other statistics such as variance are computed using
the mean.
• 5) It is used when a measure of central tendency is ne
eded to determine the group who did
• not perform well and those who performed well.
HOW TO COMPUTE MEAN FOR UN
GROUPED DATA?

Formula of mean for ungrou

ped data:
x = X1+X2+X3/N or x = ∑X
/N
Example of mean for ungrouped d
ata:

• Scores of 15 students in Mathematics quiz consist of

25 items.
• X(scores) | 25, 20,18, 18, 17, 15, 15, 15, 14, 14 ,13, 1
2, 12, 10, 10 |
• X= total no. of scores/no. of students
• X= 228/15
• X=15.2
Analysis:
✓ The average performance of 15 stude
nts who participated in a mathematics
quiz
consisting of 25 items is 15.2.
The implication of this is that studen
ts who got scores below 15.2 did not p
erform well in the said
examination. Students who got scores h
igher than 15.2 performed well in the
examination as
compared to the performance of the who
le class.
HOW TO COMPUTE MEAN FOR GROUPED DATA?

Formula of Mean for grouped data:

Mean for grouped data:
X= ∑fXm/N

Where:
X = mean value
f = frequency in each class or category
Xm = midpoint of each class or category
ƩfXm = summation of the product of fXm.
Steps in solving Mean for Grouped Data:

1. Find the midpoint or class mark (Xm)

of each class or category using the for
mula : Xm = LL+UL/2

2. Multiply the frequency and the corre

sponding midpoint or class mark (Xm) to
get the
fXm.

3. Find the sum of fXm.

4. Find the mean using the formula give
n.
 X f Xm fXm

37-40 7 38.5 269.5

33-36 8 34.5 276

29-32 4 30.5 122

25-28 7 26.5 185.5

21-24 6 22.5 135

17-20 6 18.5 111

13-16 6 14.5 87

9-12 6 10.5 63
f or frequency in each cla summation of fXm or ƩfX
ss is 7,8,4,7,6,6,6,6 m=
269.5+276+122+185.5+1
7+8+4+7+6+6+6+6=50 35+111+87+63
n=50
ƩfXm = 1249
X=ƩfXm/N
X=1249/50
X=24.98

Analysis:
➢ The mean performance of 50 students in Mat
hematics test is 24.98 or 25.
➢ Those students who got scores below 24.98
did not perform well in the said test while
those students who got scores above 24.98 per
formed well.
 MEDIAN

• ➢ It is the second type of measures of central tendency.

• ➢ Is what divides the scores in the distribution into two
(2) equal parts.
• ➢ Fifty percent (50%) lies below the median value and fi
fty percent (50%) lies above the
• median value.
• ➢ It is also known as the middle score or the 50th perce
ntile.
Characteristics and uses of Median:

• 1. Median is used if the analysis requires the middle

value of the distribution.
• 2). Median is used to determine whether the given
value/s fall in the upper or lower half of the
• distribution.
• 3). Median is generally used as the central value, w
hen the data is likely to contain outliers.
How to compute median for un
grouped data?

➢ When the number of scores

are odd, just get the middle
score;
➢ When the number of scores
are even, determine the aver
age of the two middle most s
cores.
Example 1: Find the median score o
f 7 students in an English class.

X (score) • 1st step: Arrange the scores (from low

2 est to highest or highest to lowest).
10 x(score)
19 19
16 17
17 16
15 15
5 10
5
2
2nd step: Determine the middle
most score in a distribution.

19, 17, 16, 15 ,10, 5 2

Analysis: The median score is

15. 50% or three of the scores
are above 15 (19, 17,
16) and 50% or three of the sc
ores are below 15 (10, 5, 2).
 Example2: Find the median score o
f 8 students in an English class.
X (score)
• 1st step: Arrange the scores (from lowest to high
2 est or highest to lowest).
30 x(score)
30
19
19
16 17
5 16
15
17
10
10 5
15 2
2nd step: Determine the middle most score in a
distribution.
30, 19, 17, 16, 15, 10, 5, 2
Median=16+15/2
Median= 15.5

Analysis:
➢ The median score for ungrouped data is 15.5
which means that 50% of the scores in the
distribution are lower than 15.5, those are 15
,10, 5, and 2 and 50% of the scores are greate
r
than 15.5, those are 30, 19,17, and 16. 4 scor
es are below 15.5 and 4 scores are above 15.5.
How to compute median for grouped
data?
• To compute for the cumulative freq
Steps in solving: uency of the 1st class, just get the t
otal number of students.
• 1. Complete the tabl
• To compute for the cumulative freq
e for cf<. uency of the 2nd class, use the for
•n mula:
• 2. Get 2 of the score = total number of students - frequen
s in the distribution cy of the 1st class.
so that you can iden • To compute for the cumulative freq
tify MC. uency of the 3rd class, use the for
mula:
• 3. Determine LB, cfp
= cumulative frequency of the 2nd cl
, fm, and c.i. ass – frequency of the 2nd class.
• 4. Solve the median • The same computation until the las
using the formula. t class.
Formula for Median Grouped of data:
X=LB + [n/2 - cfp/fm]ci

•where: MC = median class is a category contain

ing the N/2.
•LB = lower boundary of the median class (MC).
•cfp = cumulative frequency after the median cl
ass if the scores are arranged from highest to lo
west.
•fm = frequency of the median class.
•c.i = size of the class interval.
Computation of median for groupe
d data:

Example: Scores of 40 students i

n a Science class with 60 items
as tabulated below. The highest
score is 54 and the lowest score
is 10.
10-14 5 5

15-19 2 7

20-24 3 10

25-29 5 15

30-34 2 17

35-39 9 26

40-44 6 32

45-49 3 35

50-54 5 40
N=5+2+3+5+2+9+6+3+5=40
N/2 = 40/2 = 20
The category containing N/2
is 35-39
MC = 35-39
LL of the MC = 35
LB = 34.5
cfp = 17
fm = 9
c.i. = 5
 • 34.5+15/9
• 34.5+1.67
• x=36.17
• x=LB+[n/2-cfp/fm]ci.

• Analysis: The median va

lue is 36.17, which ekan
• x=34.5+[20-17/9]5 s that 50% of 30 scores
are less than 36.17.
• x=34.5+ [3/9]5
MODE
➢ It is the third measure o
f central tendency.
➢ The mode or the modal cla
ss is a score or scores tha
t occurred most in the dist
ribution.
Characteristics and Uses of
Mode:

• 1. Mode is the easiest average to determine and it i

s used when the most typical value is required as th
e central value.
• 2. Mode need not be a unique measure. A distributi
on can have more than one mode or no mode at al
l.
Mode is classifief into fou
r:
Classification:
• Unimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of
only one mode.
• Bimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of o
nly two modes.
• Trimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of o
nly three modes.
• Multimodal is a distribution of scores that consists
of more than two modes.
 Example 1.

• Scores of 10 students in Section A

• 25 24 24 20 20 20 16 12 10 7

• The score that appeared most in Section A is 20,

• hence the mode of Section A is 20.
• There is only one mode, therefore, score distributi
on is called unimodal.
Example 2

• Scores of 10 students in Section B

• 25 24 24 20 18 18 17 10 9 7

• The scores that appeared most in Section B is 18

• and 24, hence the mode of Section B is 18 and 24.
• There are two modes in Section B, therefore, score
distribution is called bimodal.
Example 3

• Scores of 10 students in Section C.

• 25 25 25 22 21 21 21 18 18 18

• The scores that appeared most in Section C is 18,

21, and 25, hence the mode of Section C is 18, 21
and 25.
• There are three modes in Section C, therefore,
score distribution is called trimodal or multimodal.
How to compute mode for grouped data?
Formula of Mode for Grouped Data:
x=Lb+ [d1/d1+d2] ci.

Where:
• Modal Class (MC) = is a category containing the highes
t frequency.
• LB = lower boundary of the modal class.
• d1 = difference between the frequency of the modal cl
ass andthe frequency above it, when the scores are ar
ranged from lowest to highest.
• d2 = difference between the frequency of the modal cl
ass and the frequency below, when the scores are arra
nged from highest to lowest.
• c.i. = size of the class interval
Example:
Scores of 40 students in a
Science Class consisting of
60 items as shown below.

•Scores of students are in

the 1st column and the # to
tal of students is in the 2
nd column.
10-14 5

15-19 2

20-24 3

25-29 5

30-34 2

35-39 9

40-44 6

45-49 3

50-54 5
Modal Class = 35-39
LL of MC = 35
LB = 34.5
d1 = 9-2 = 7
d2 = 9-6 = 3
c.i. = 5
 x=LB+[d1/d1+d2]ci
= 34.5 + [7/7+3] 5
=34.5+ 35/10
=34.5+ 3.5
= 38
The mode of the score dist
ribution that
consist of 40 students is
38, because 38
occurred several times.
 Comparison among the measures of Ce
ntral tendency

• When the graph of the scores is a normal curve, the mod

e, median, and mean are equal
• The mean is the most common measure of central tende
ncy
• When the scores are quite skewed or the data is ordinal l
acking a common interval, the median is a better measur
e of central tendency
• The mode is used only when the mean or median cannot
be calculated (e.g., nominal data) or when the only infor
mation wanted is the most frequent score (e.g., most unif
orm size or injury site)