CONTENTS

• LED
• BENEFITS OF LED
• EMERGING TRENDS in LED
• FIBER OPTIC LIGHTING
 WHAT IS DIODE?
A semiconductor device with two terminals typically allowing the flow of current in one
direction
WHAT IS A LED?

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-

junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to
the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons.

DEFINITION
 An LED Lamp is a light emitting diode (LED) product which is assembled into a lamp (or light
bulb) for use in lighting mixtures. These are more efficient and energy saving than the old
incandescent lamp. LED Bulbs have almost 10 times the life than an ordinary CFL or
Incandescent Lamps.
 Why are LEDs important? Benefits of Using LED
Lights
1. Durable Quality
In this 21st Century, people are opting for latest technology.
2. Zero UV Emissions
LED Lamps have desired wavelengths due to which it supports
3. Design Flexibility
greenhouse effects which results in plant cultivation.
4. Operational in extremely high and cold
Incandescent Lamps require large bases & sizes which are
temperatures
replaced in this new technology.
5. Light Disbursement
Places where LEDs are used
 Basic Working Principle

When a p-n junction diode is forward biased, the electrons and

holes move in opposite direction.
During this free movement, an electron may fall into hole
releasing some energy.
This energy is emitted in the form of proton hence light is
emitted.
This phenomenon is known as Electroluminescence.
 EFFICIENCY
LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light
bulbs.
The efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by
shape and size, unlike fluorescent light bulbs or tubes.
COLOR
LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using
any color filters as traditional lighting methods need.
This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
SIZE
ADVANTAGES LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[) and are
easily attached to printed circuit boards.
LIFETIME
LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report
estimates 35,000 to 50,000 hours of useful life, though
time to complete failure may be longer.
SHOCK RESISTANCE
LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to
damage with external shock, unlike fluorescent and
incandescent bulbs, which are fragile.
WARMUP TIME
LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED
will achieve full brightness in under a microsecond.
LEDs used in communications devices can have even
DISADVANTAGES
HIGH INITIAL PRICE
LEDs are currently more expensive
(price per lumen) on an initial capital
cost basis, than most conventional
lighting technologies.
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE
LED performance largely depends on
the ambient temperature of the
operating environment – or “ thermal
management " properties.
EFFICIENCY DROOP
The efficiency of LEDs decreases as
the electric current increases.
Heating also increases with higher
currents which compromises the
lifetime of the LED. These effects put
practical limits on the current
through an LED in high power
applications.
LIGHT INTENSITY COMPARISON
 ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDIA 

 One-fifth of electricity consumption in India is through lighting Lighting contributes significantly to

peak load
 A large portion of total lighting is used in inefficient technologies
 About 400 million light points in India today are lighted by incandescent bulbs; their replacement by
CFLs would lead to a reduction of over 10,000 W in electricity demand

WHY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN LIGHTING?

 High and rising energy prices

 Change in Global Climate
 Exhaustion of Non Renewable Sources for electricity Generation
 Leads to reduction of investment for expansion of electric power sector
COST COMPARISON
The lighting technology has constantly evolved with the advent of time. From the conventional incandescent bulbs to
fluorescents and now LEDs, the technology has seen major modifications and taken some of the most unexpected
turns.

The world is experiencing a technological shift in this digital era, and so is the lighting technology. After all, who
would have thought some time back that we’ll be able to control lights from our mobile devices?

It was just over a century ago that people accustomed to using candles and kerosene lamps first caught sight of
incandescent lamps. When incandescent bulbs came on the scene in the 1880s and 90s, they became the ideal light source
except for their poor energy efficiency. Since the 1970s, many more efficient light sources have been introduced but none
as innovative as the LED.

In the short time LEDs have been in the marketplace, their technology has rapidly evolved. Lumen output and efficacy
numbers have improved and other technologies such as thermal properties, substrate materials and light distribution
patterns have progressed as well. As a result of these improvements, combined with the 3 trends listed below, customers
are more willing to upgrade to LEDs across a variety of applications.
 1. Higher Efficiency/Lower Cost
In the early stages of LED development, industry experts often quoted Haitz’s law: “Every decade, the amount of
light generated by LEDs increases by a factor of 20, and the cost per lumen falls by a factor of 10.” Although this
trend appears to be leveling off in 2016, improvements continue. We are seeing streamlined mechanical and optical
designs coupled with more efficient LED packages (including phosphors) and more efficient electronic drivers.
2. Better Color
Today’s LEDs provide pleasing cool to warm tones, along with enhanced red and white, while maintaining high
efficacy levels. A good example is the new GE TriGain™ phosphor which offers improved narrow red band
performance, resulting in reds that are sharper and cleaner, enabling richer picture quality and increasing the color
range for backlit displays.
3. Smarter Lighting Fixtures
Fixtures are becoming smarter. For example, in indoor lighting, there is technology focused on indoor positioning
systems that can send high frequency modulation signals through the LED. These signals can be picked up by a
smartphone or tablet, and provide the precise location of customers within a facility. Outdoor wireless control
systems now offer remote operation and monitoring of all fixtures through a web-enabled central management
system that collects data from sensors and cameras.

So where does the LED go from here?

While many customers just want to be able to turn their lights on and off, many customers want LED systems to be smart
and efficient. Today’s LEDs are over twice as efficient as some produced only 5 years ago. This trend should continue as
new technologies are developed, leading to an increase in efficacy and a reduction in production costs. As the cost of LEDs
become comparable to that of compact fluorescents, the adoption of even more LED lighting should be accelerated.
 Lighting for smart cities: In the cities of the future, smart lighting infrastructure will become a part of the primary city
infrastructure. Due to its presence throughout the city, connected streetlights will also offer enormous potential to be part
of a city-wide network capable of acquiring data and delivering information and services to and from tons of devices,
from garbage bins to autonomous vehicles. Lighting poles with smart streetlights will also provide Wi-Fi and RF
connectivity, pollution level detection, monitor parking areas, identify road hazards, public notification system, smart
screens for advertising, and more.

Autonomous vehicles will be able to navigate safely with the aid of sensors in streetlights that scan the road and
pavements. Therefore, smartly managed city lighting will fulfill many functions for municipal governments, enhance the
beauty of the cityscape and enable drivers, pedestrians, and autonomous vehicles to navigate the roads effortlessly. Usage
of networked technology win Smart Lighting for Smart cities represent an interesting opportunity that want to get smarter.
Compatibility, scalability in terms of the overall network size as well as in terms of upgrades of future
applications/functionality should be considered.

Solar lighting: The energy demand is endless and increasing every day.
Solar lighting is a great alternative to traditional lighting. The adoption of
solar lighting is expected to rise due to more and more people opting for
renewable sources of energy. In 2018, the global market of solar lighting
was valued at USD 3,128.3 million and the market is expected to grow at a
CAGR of 12.9% from 2019–2027. Solar based LED lighting solutions will
fulfill the requirements of the consumers at a lower cost, which is predicted
to boost the growth of the market.
 Technology has revamped numerous trends by far, but the most significant change brought by the technology can
be seen in the lighting industry.
There are plenty of different new technology trends in the lighting industry has been emerged in the last few years.
But, the dynamic changes which are going to be a major part of our lighting industry that will change the trends of
the future also are mentioned ahead.

1. Internet of Things 2. Wireless Lighting

Internet of Things is a technology which will not only
connect your smartphone and computer with the internet
but no it will also connect your gadgets with your fridge,
coffee makers, lighting fixtures and much more.
It is a technology which has enabled us to remotely regulate
our lighting fixtures using our smart gadgets. This means
now you can switch on and off lights from anywhere with
the help of inbuilt sensors which establish a connection with
your smartphone or computer.
Today, everything is going wireless and compact so the
lighting industry is also adopting the wireless trends,
especially in retrofit projects.
As well as radio-frequency-based systems, there are
technologies such as power-line communication, which
uses mains power lines to carry data to and from your
fittings.
Even the traditional wired lighting systems are using
the wireless lighting technology where everything is
controlled without any cabled connectivity
3. LEDs for All
 LED light bulbs are the new technology trends in the
lighting industry which can’t be avoided today. LED
lighting fixtures have numerous benefits from
environmental health to your own health.
 These lights are energy-efficient and they consume less
electricity which eventually results in the reduction of
energy bills. Moreover, they impart less heat that
helps in reducing the carbon dioxide produced by the
lights.
5. Built-in Lights
 The new lighting trend that has been surged by LED
technology is built-in lighting sources. That’s because
LED lights don’t require frequent replacements.
 Today, manufacturers are fittings lights inside the walls  It is set to transform our shops, museums and indoor
and ceiling to make them look as much as possible
seamless. The builders are creating the designs which are
integrated with the lighting fixtures.
4. Connectivity
 With the comprehensive use of the LED lighting
technology in the mainstream, the control or we can
say connectivity has improved a lot.
 The dimmers and sensors are part of the lighting
industry for ages now, but with the advanced digital
connectivity, this trend of controlling has become an
utterly important part of the lighting industry.
6. LiFi
 Light is just not anymore the source to brighten up
your home, it has become data technology such as
LiFi. It is like a WIFI technology where indoor LED
luminaires are used to create a light communication
system.
spaces into efficient places where data can be
transformed using the available lighting sources.
 These are just a few new technology trends in the
lighting industry which are completely changing the
old method of lighting. Apart from these trends, there
are plenty of numerous lighting trends available and
many more are coming so overall lighting industry is a
 What is Fiber Optic Lighting?

Fiber optic lighting utilizes optical fiber (flexible fiber made of glass or plastic) to transmit light from a light
source to a remote location for illumination as well as communications. It is comprised of a core and cladding
(coating) that trap light, allowing light to travel long distances. In fact, fibers are made to not only transmit
light but to glow along the fiber itself, so it resembles a neon light tube

Applications for fiber optic lighting are many, generally based on utilizing the special attributes of the fiber
as well as its unique characteristics.

Museum displays Pools

Starfield Ceilings
Using fiber for remote lighting has many advantages, some of which are more important for special types of applications than others.
Heat-free lighting: since the light source is remote, the fiber transmits the light but isolates the heat from the light source from the
illumination point, an important consideration for lighting delicate objects, such as in museum displays, that could be damaged by heat or
intense light.
Electrical safety: underwater lighting such as used in swimming pools and fountains or illumination in hazardous atmospheres can be done
safely with fiber optic lighting, since the fiber is nonconductive and the power for the light source can be placed in a safe location. Even many
lights are low voltage.
Precise spotlighting: optical fiber can be combined with lenses to provide carefully focused light on extremely small spots, popular for museum
exhibits and jewellery displays, or simply light a specified area precisely.
Durability: using optical fiber for lighting makes for much more durable lighting. Optical fiber, either plastic or glass, is both strong and flexible,
much more durable than fragile light bulbs.
The look of neon: fiber that emits light along its length, generally called edge-emitting fiber, has the look of neon tubes for decorative lighting
and signs. Fiber is easier to fabricate, and, since it is made of plastic, is less fragile. Since lighting is remote it can be placed at either or both
ends of the fiber and sources can be safer since they are low voltage sources.
Vary the color: by using colored filters with white light sources, fiber optic lighting can have many different colors and by automating the
filters, vary colors in any preprogrammed sequence.
Simpler installation: fiber optic lighting does not require installing electrical cables to the light locator and then installing bulky light fixtures
with one or more bulbs on location. Instead, a fiber is installed to the location and fixed in place, perhaps with a small focusing lens fixture, a
much simpler process. Often several fibers can use a single light source, simplifying installation even more.
Easy maintenance: lighting in hard to access areas like high ceilings or small spaces can make changing light sources difficult. With fiber, the
source can be in an easily accessible location and the fiber in any remote place. Changing the source is no longer a problem.
 HOW FIBER OPTIC LIGHTING
Fiber optic lighting uses optical fiber as a “light pipe,”WORKS
transmitting light from a source through the
fiber to a remote location. The light may be emitted from the end of the fiber creating a small
spotlight effect (also called “end glow”) or emitted from the outside of the fiber along its length,
looking like a neon or fluorescent tube (also called “side glow”).
The light source is usually called a “fiber optic illuminator” and consists of a bright light source and
often some optics to efficiently focus light into the fiber. Sources must be bright, so quartz halogen or
xenon metal halide lights are commonly used. Smaller fibers may also use LEDs which very efficiently
couple light into fibers but do not achieve the light levels of the other lamps.

the difference between fibers used in lighting and those used in

telecommunications is that the lighting fibers are optimized for
transmitting light, not high-speed signals. the core of fiber optic
lighting cables also contains optical cladding to trap light.

fiber optic cables used specifically for lighting are made of

glass, or in some instances, plastic. glass cables have very small
diameters and require bundling many of them to achieve
sufficient lighting.