The Group 1:

Cardiovascular
System
Adrales
Asiman
Fernandez
Francisco
Gonzales
Luay
Molvizar
Tabanan
Zapanta
 The
Cardiovascular A closed system of the heart and
blood vessels

system
• The heart pumps blood
• Blood vessels allow blood to
circulate to all parts of the body

It helps in coagulation process,

regulates body temperature and assist
the body in fighting disease.

The function of the cardiovascular

system is to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and to remove carbon
dioxide and other waste products
 The Heart •
•
Beats about 100,00 times per day
Circulates blood completely 1000
times each day
• Location • The distal end of the heart is called
o Thoracic cavity between the apex
lungs • A hollow muscular organ that is
o In Mediastenum composed of 4 chambers (2 atrium
and 2 ventricles)
o Pointed apex directed toward
left hip • Provides the driving force for the
cardiovascular system.
• About the size of a person’s clenched
fist
o Weighs about .68 lb. in men
and .56 lb. in women

Component of
the CVS
 The
Heart
The Heart: · Pericardium – a double serous membrane
that surrounds the heart
o Fibrous pericardium
Coverings Layer of connective tissue that provides
support and protection for the heart
o Visceral pericardium
Innermost layer. It lines the outer surface
of the heart itself.
o Parietal pericardium
Outermost layer of pericardium. Attached
to diaphragm, sternum and vertebrae
o Pericardial Cavity
Between layers. Contains fluid for the
heart to float in and reduces friction
· Serous fluid fills the space between the
layers of pericardium
 Structure
of the heart
coverings
The Heart: Three layers
· Epicardium
o Thin, watery membrane on the
Heart Wall outer layer of the heart
o This layer is the parietal
pericardium
o Connective tissue layer that covers
the heart
· Myocardium
o Middle layer
o Mostly cardiac muscle
o Pumps blood into the arteries by
contracting
· Endocardium
o Inner layer
o Lines the valves and interior
chambers
External
Heart
Anatomy
The Heart: •
•
Right and left side act as separate pumps
Four chambers
Chambers 01
o Atria
 Receiving chambers
 Thin walled upper chambers
 Right atrium (receives
deoxygenated blood)
 Left atrium (receives
oxygenated blood)
The Heart: o Ventricles
Chambers 01
 Discharging chambers
 Thin walled lower chambers
 Right ventricle
Receives blood from the right
atrium and pumps into the
pulmonary artery
 Left ventricle
Receives blood from left atrium
and pumps it into the aorta
Heart
Valves
The Heart: • Allow blood to flow in only one
direction
Valves • 01
Four valves
o Atrioventricular valves – between
atria and ventricles
 Bicuspid valve/Mitral valve
(left atrioventricular valve)
Between left atrium and ventricle
 Tricuspid valve (right
atrioventricular valve)
Between right atrium and
ventricle
 “Active”: function with
cardiac muscle
The Heart: o Semilunar valves between
Valves 01
ventricle and artery
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
(right semilunar valve)
Between right ventricle and
pulmonary trunk
 Aortic semilunar valve (left
semilunar valve)
Between the left ventricle and
the aorta
 “Passive”: depend on blood
pressure
The Heart:
Valves 01
• Valves open as blood is pumped
through
• Held in place by chordae
tendineae (“heart strings”)
• Close to prevent backflow
 Operation
of the Heart
Valves
The Heart: Associated
Great Arteries
Great Vessels · Aorta
· Leaves left ventricle
· Pulmonary arteries
· Leave right ventricle
Great Vessels
Great · Vena cava
Arteries · Enters right atrium
· Pulmonary veins (four)
Great · Enter left atrium
Vessels
01 Great Arteries 02 Great Vessels
 · Supplies the blood as well as
provides drainage to the tissues
· Blood in the heart chambers does not
nourish the myocardium
· The heart has its own nourishing
Coronary circulatory system
· Coronary arteries
Circulation · Cardiac veins
· Blood empties into the right
atrium via the coronary sinus
Circulation of the Blood 1. Blood enters the heart through the inferior
and superior vena cava, flowing into the
right atrium
2. The blood passes through the tricuspid
valve into the right ventricle
3. It then passes through the pulmonic
semilunar valve, entering the pulmonary
artery of the pulmonary circulation
4. It flows through the pulmonary bed of the
right and left lungs to the pulmonary vein,
re−entering the heart at the left atrium
5. It then flows through the bicuspid valve into
the left ventricle
6. Passing through the aortic semilunar valve,
the blood enter the aorta and systematic
vascular system.
 Function
of the
The Heart: Heart

Conductive System • Intrinsic conduction system

(nodal system)
o Heart muscle cells contract,
without nerve impulses, in a
regular, continuous way
The Heart: • Special tissue sets the pace
Conductive System o Sinoatrial node (right atrium)
• Pacemaker
o Atrioventricular node (junction
of r&l atria and ventricles)
o Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle
of His)
o Bundle branches (right and left)
o Purkinje fibers
The Heart:
Contractions
• Contraction is initiated by the
sinoatrial node: “pacemaker”
• Send information to all muscle cells
both atria
• Atria contracts simultaneously
 Function
of the
The Heart: Heart

Cardiac Cycle
• Atria contract
simultaneously
• Atria relax, then ventricles
contract
• Systole = contraction
• Diastole = relaxation
 Function
Origin of the of the
Heart
Heart Sounds
• “Lubb” which is the first
sound as the ventricles contract or
the AV valves close and “dupp” or
the second sound which is heard
when the semilunar valves close
the ventricles relax.
 Function
of the
Heart
· The average of the heart
rate is 72 beats per minute
· Cardiac output (CO)
Heart Rate and · Amount of blood pumped by
each side of the heart in one
Cardiac Output minute
· CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke
volume [SV])
· Stroke volume
· Volume of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one
contraction
 Cardiac
Output
Regulation
 Function
of the
Pulse Heart

· A rhythmic throbbing resulting from

the alternating expansion and
contraction of the artery
· Pulse – pressure wave of blood
· Monitored at “pressure points”
where pulse is easily palpated
 Function
of the
Heart

· The force exerted by the blood on the

walls of the vessel measured by the
sphygmomanometer; the difference
between systolic (pressure during
contraction) and diastolic (pressure
Blood Pressure during relaxation)
· Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
· Average pressure in the arterial
system over a given time
– Normal value: 80 − 100 mmHg
 · Human normal range is variable
· Normal
· 140–110 mm Hg systolic
· 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
Variations in · Hypotension
· Low systolic (below 110 mm
Blood Pressure HG)
· Often associated with illness
· Hypertension
· High systolic (above 140
mm HG)
· Can be dangerous if it is
chronic
Measuring
Arterial
Blood
Pressure
 · Neural factors
· Autonomic nervous system
adjustments (sympathetic
Blood Pressure: division)
· Renal factors
Effects of Factors · Regulation by altering blood
volume
· Renin – hormonal control
 · Temperature
· Heat has a vasodilation effect
· Cold has a vasoconstricting
Blood Pressure: effect

Effects of Factors · Chemicals

· Various substances can cause
increases or decreases
· Diet
 02

The Vascular
System: Blood
Vessels
Component
the of CV
 · A loop consisting of a network of
The Vascular blood vessels through which blood
is circulated to the rest of the body.
System · Has 2 divisions
─ Systematic Circulation
─ Pulmonary Circulation
· Structure of the Vascular System
· Arteries
· Arterioles
· Capillaries
· Venules
· Veins
 ● Elastic vessels that are very strong, able to
carry blood away from the heart under high
pressure.
● The aorta and the pulmonary artery are
elastics arteries i.e. they have the properties
of stretch (= distension of compliance) and
recoil.
● During the ventricular contraction (systole),
The Arteries they distend by the blood ejected into them;
and energy is at load in their walls.
● During ventricular relaxation (diastole), this
energy is released causing elastic recoil of
their walls, which acts as an additional pump
to blood during diastole.
● Thus on efficient pressure is maintained
during systole and diastole, resulting in a
continuous blood flow through the tissues.
 ● Resistance vessels that act as
variable resistors because their
diameters continuously undergo
changes in order to regulate the
amount of blood flow into the
The Arterioles capillaries by vasoconstriction or
vasodilation.
● The arterioles are considered the
“taps” regulating blood flow to
the tissues
 ● Smallest diameter blood vessels
that connect the smallest arterioles
to the smallest venules.
● Its walls are composed of
endothelium and form the
semipermeable layer.
The Capillary ● Maintains constant environment for
the cells and tissues
● Has membrane allowing nutrients,
gases and wastes to be exchanged
between blood and tissue fluid
 ● Connects capillaries to veins,
which carry blood back to the atria.
● Thinner wall than arterioles, with
The Venule less smooth muscle and elastic
connective tissue
 ● The veins act as capacitance
vessels (volume reservoir) that hold
most of the blood volume
● Veins have high distending
capacity (=high compliance) and
The Veins they can store or mobilize blood
depending upon the underlying
condition
● Carries relatively low pressure
from venules to the heart; valves
prevent blood backflow; veins
serve as blood reservoir
 The Vascular
System:
Arterial
Blood Vessels: a. Three layers (tunics)
· Tunic intima
Structures · Consists of Epithelium
· Thinnest layer of the
artery
· Tunic media
· Thickest layer
· Smooth muscles and
elastic fibers
· Tunic adventitia
· Mostly fibrous
connective tissue
· Contains lymphatic
vessels and nerve fibers
 The
Vascular
Blood Vessels: System:
Arterial
Structures b. Lumen
Space inside the blood vessel
where the blood flows’

c. Valves
Found in the veins, these are thin
membranous leaflets that prevent the
backflow of blood.
 ● The right atrium receives oxygen-poor
blood from the body and pumps it to the
right ventricle through the tricuspid
valve.
Blood flows in ● The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-
poor blood to the lungs through the

four steps: pulmonary valve.

● The left atrium receives oxygen-rich
blood from the lungs and pumps it to
the left ventricle through the mitral
valve.
● The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-
rich blood through the aortic valve out
to the rest of the body.
 · Walls of arteries are the thickest
Differences · Lumens of veins are larger
Between Blood · Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in
veins toward the heart
Vessel Types · Walls of capillaries are only one
cell layer thick to allow for
exchanges between blood and
tissue
 02

DISORDERS

CARDIO-
VASCULAR
Human
Heart

Disorders of Human Heart

• Angina Pectoris
- is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when a
part of your heart doesn't get enough blood and oxygen.
This usually happens because one or more of the heart's
arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia .
Human
Heart

Disorders of Human Heart

• Aortic Stenosis
-  occurs when the heart's aortic valve narrows.
The valve doesn't open fully, which reduces or blocks
blood flow from your heart into the main artery to your
body (aorta) and to the rest of your body.
Human
Heart
Disorders of Human Heart
• Bacterial Endocarditis
- is a bacterial infection of the inner layer of the
heart or the heart valves. The heart has 4 valves. These
valves help the blood flow through the heart and lungs
and out to the body. When a person has bacterial
endocarditis, these valves may not work correctly.
Human
Heart

Disorders of Human Heart

• Congestive Heart Failure
- occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump
blood as well as it should. When this happens, blood
often backs up and fluid can build up in the lungs,
causing shortness of breath. This is the Final outcome of
many forms of heart diseases.
Human
Heart

Disorders of Human Heart

• Myocardial Infarction
- commonly called a heart attack, it is an extremely
dangerous condition caused by a lack of blood flow to
your heart muscle. The lack of blood flow can occur
because of many different factors but is usually related to
a blockage in one or more of your heart's arteries.
Human
Heart

Disorders of Human Heart

• Pericarditis
- Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin,
saclike tissue surrounding your heart (pericardium).
Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain and
sometimes other symptoms. The chest pain occurs when
the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each
other.
Human
Heart

Disorders of Human Heart

• Aneurysm
-  an abnormal swelling or bulge in the wall of a
blood vessel, such as an artery. Aneurysms can occur
anywhere throughout the circulatory system, but most
commonly develop along the aorta (the body's main
artery that runs the length of the trunk) and in blood
vessels of the brain.
 02

Diagnostic Tests

CARDIO-
VASCULAR
 Function
Electrocardiogra of the
Heart
ms (EKG/ECG) • Three formations
o P wave: impulse across atria
o QRS complex: spread of
impulse down septum,
around ventricles in
Purkinje fibers
o T wave: end of electrical
activity in ventricles
Arterial Blood Gases • Measures the acidity (pH) and
(ABG) the levels of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the blood from an
artery
• Partial pressure of oxygen is 75
to 100 mm of mercury
• Partial pressure of carbon
dioxide is 38 to 42 mm of
mercury
• Arterial Blood pH is 7.38 to
7.42
• Oxygen saturation is 94% to
100%
Aspartate
Aminotransferase or • It is one of the two liver
enzymes.
Serum Glutamic-
• AST is a protein made by liver
Oxaloacetic cells.
Transaminase • When liver cells are damaged,
(AST/SGOT) AST leaks out into the
bloodstream and the level of
AST in the blood becomes
elevated.
Cholesterol

• Is a waxy type of fat or lipid,

which moves throughout your
body in your blood.
• Lipids are substances that do not
dissolve in water.
• Cholesterol is only found in foods
that come from animals.
Creatine Kinase
(CK)
• This measures the amount of
creatine kinase in the blood
• Type of protein, known as
enzyme.
• Mostly found in your skeletal
muscles and heart, with lesser
amounts in the brain.
Creatine Kinase-MB
(CK-MB)
• May be used as a follow-up
test to an elevated creatine
kinas (CK) in order to
determine whether the increase
is due to heart damage or
skeletal damage.
Digoxin
• This increases the force of
contraction of the muscle of
the heart by inhibiting the
activity of an enzyme that
controls movement of calcium,
sodium, and potassium into
heart muscle.

• Used to treat heart failure and

abnormal heart rhythms
(arrhythmias)
 • is an enzyme found in almost all body
tissues.
Lactate • . It plays an important role in cellular
Dehydrogenase respiration, the process by which
glucose (sugar) from food is converted
into usable energy for our cells.
• It is found in almost all the body's
tissues, including those in the blood,
heart, kidneys, brain, and lungs.
Microbial Culture
• used in molecular biology for cloning
and recombinant protein expression.
• They are also used in clinical
applications to isolate, detect, and
identify microbes that cause disease.
• Microbial culturing enables cell
growth and division under controlled
laboratory conditions.
Myoglobin
-It encodes a single polypeptide
chain with one oxygen binding site.
Myoglobin contains a heme prosthetic
group that can reversibly bind to
oxygen.
The body uses it as an oxygen
storage protein in muscle. It is able to
bind and release oxygen depending on
the oxygen concentration in the cell.
Its primary function, as a result, is to
supply oxygen to myocytes.
Myoglobin is the reason for the red
color of the muscle of most vertebrates
• Potassium is a mineral that
Potassium
your body needs to work
properly.
• It helps our nerves to
function and muscles to
contract. It helps our
heartbeat stay regular.
• It also helps move nutrients
into cells and waste products
out of cells.
• Triglycerides are fats
from the food we eat
TRIGLYCE
that are carried in the
blood
• They are the most
RIDES
common type of fat in
your body. They come
from foods, especially
butter, oils, and other
fats you eat.
Troponin T
•  Measures the levels of troponin T or
troponin I proteins in the blood.
• These proteins are released when the
heart muscle has been damaged, such
as occurs with a heart attack.
 Effects02
of Aging
• Slightly slower heart rate
o due to fibrous tissue and fat
deposits that develop in the
body’s natural pacemaker
system that controls the
heartbeat. The natural
pacemaker (the SA node)
also loses some of its cells.

CARDIO-
VASCULAR
 Effects of Aging
• Less flexibility, stiffness, and
thickening of the aorta
o which can cause blood
pressure to rise and make
the heart work harder.

• Decrease in the production of

certain white blood cells called
neutrophils
o which are important to
CARDIO- immunity. This can reduce
VASCULAR your ability to resist
infection.
 Effects of Aging
• Slight thickening of capillary
walls
o which may cause a slightly
slower rate of exchange of
nutrients and waste.

• Slower production of red blood

cells
o during stress or illness,
which creates a slower
CARDIO- response to blood loss and
VASCULAR anemia.
Thank you for
listening!
QUIZ
20 questions
01
Arteries are blood vessels that:

A. carry blood away from the heart

B. carry oxygenated blood
C. carry blood towards the heart
D. carry deoxygenated blood
E. carry blood at low pressure
02
The systemic circulation includes all of the
following structures except one. Which is
the exception?

A. the aorta
B. the femoral vein
C. the superior vena cava
D. the pulmonary vein
E. the renal artery
03
Vascular resistance is determined by:

A. length of a blood vessel

B. viscosity of blood
C. the way blood flow through a vessel
D. diameter of a blood vessel
E. blood pressure
04
Blood leaving the left ventricle enters the

A. Pulmonary trunk
B. Pulmonary artery
C. Inferior vena cava
D. Aorta
05
The right ventricle pumps blood to the

A. Systemic circuit
B. lungs
C. Left atrium
D. Right atrium
06
The visceral pericardium is the same as the

A. Epicardium
B. Endocardium
C. Myocardium
D. Parietal pericardium
07
The mitral valve is located between the

A. Right atrium and right ventricle

B. Left atrium and left ventricle
C. Left ventricle and aorta
D. Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
08
The heart wall is composed of how many
layers

A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
09
The function of an atrium is to

A. Pump a blood to the lungs

B. pump blood into the systemic circuit
C. Pump blood to heart muscle
D. Collect blood
10
The pacemaker cells of the heart are located
in the

A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Left ventricle
D left atrium
11
The difference between the systolic and
diastolic pressure is referred to as

A. A pulse
B. Circulatory pressure
C. Blood pressure
D. Mean arterial pressure
12
The average of the heart rate is _ beats per
minute.

A. 65
B. 70
C. 72
D. 74
13
Can be dangerous if it is chronic.

A. Normal
B. Mean
C. Hypotension
D. Hypertension
14
This means relaxation

A. Systole
B. Diastole
C. Atria
D. Supine
15
Space inside the blood vessel where the blood
flows

A. Valves
B. Tunic intima
C. Tunic media
D. Lumen
16
The list are example of effects of aging in
cardiovascular system ,except :

A. Less flexibility
B. Stiffness
C. Weakness aorta
D. Thickening of the aorta
17
It is type of white blood cells that decreases in
production because of aging

A. Neutrophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Monocytes
D. Lymphocytes
18
It impulses across atria

A. P wave
B. E wave
C. S wave
D. T wave
19
It is the spread of impulse down septum,
around ventricles in Purkinje fibers

A. Neutrophils
B. P wave
C. QRS complex
D. T wave
20
It is commonly called a heart attack, it is
an extremely dangerous condition caused
by a lack of blood flow to your heart
muscle.

A. QRS complex
B. Myocardial Infarction
C. Aneurysm
D. Pericarditis
 References:
• https://www.slideshare.net/magician008/the-cardio
vascular-system-and-physiology-of-heart
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/8611910/
• https://www.slideshare.net/webservtech1/power-p
oint-the-cardiovascular-system-anatomy-and-phys
iology?next_slideshow=1
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/724925/
• https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/condition
s.aspx?hwid=tx4097abc