PRINCIPLES

AND METHODS
OF TEACHING

(Chapter 5)
 Different Types of Lessons

Lesson may be classified not only on the basis of procedure

and methodology but also on the basis of objectives and the
subject matter. Some lessons may utilize a combination of
methods depending on the objectives and the subject
matter.
 The Development Lesson

• The development lesson is type of something to be learned in

which a new idea in presented and developed. It may be a
concept, a principle, a theory, a skill or a generalization. The
distinguishing characteristics of the development lesson is the
novel idea which the class has now known yet and the interest
and enthusiasm of the learners.

• There are 2 types of development lesson – the formal and

informal.
 There are certain steps to be observed in the informal
development lesson:

1. Preparation – This stage consist of the cognitive and

motivational aspects of the lesson.
2. Presentation - The teacher directs the learners learning
activities by way of presenting motivational questions, coupled
with teaching aids, and leading the class to examine, analyze,
compare and contrast.
3. Application – This is the stage to determine whether the
learners have learned or not.
Learning is facilitated when the developmental procedure
and steps are used well. Conditions necessary to have a
good development lesson:

1. Mastery of the subject matter.

2. Recall of previous experiences that have direct learning on

the new lesson.

3. The teacher’s clear picture of what is to perceived,

presented, executed and developed.
THE SUPERVISED STUDY LESSON

Importance of Supervised Study:

1. The observation that a number of failures and dropouts in a
school are due to poor study habits.

2. Many hours especially in the rural and slum areas do not have
adequate lighting.

3. Slow learners need motivation, guidance and supervised study.

TYPES OF SUPERVISED STUDY LESSONS

1. Group study
2. Study with printed materials
3. Programmed instructions
4. Science laboratories
5. The library-study plan
6. The study period
THE APPRECIATION LESSON

• Is designed to instruct the class to understand, appreciate and

enjoy something.

• Should focus on developing desirable values.

• The primary objectives of the teacher in appreciation lesson is

to plan interesting lessons that will stimulate and induce
learners to appreciate what is beautiful and worthwhile.
The sources of appreciation lessons are:

1. Literature
2. Music
3. The arts
4. Nature
5. Religion
6. culture
TYPES OF APPRECIATION

1. Aesthetic appreciation

2. Ethical-social appreciation

3. Intellectual appreciation
Suggestions that may facilitate the metal readiness, positive attitude
and determined effort of the learners can play an important role:

1. Choose materials and learning activities that the learners are

interested in which they can enjoy
2. Since appreciation is a personal experience, the learner must
participate directly in the learning activity to derive emotional
feeling and satisfaction
3. Beautiful lines full of appeal and emotion should encourage learners
to commit to memory
4. Appreciation lessons and activities should be informal.
5. Follow-up activities that will deepen the pleasurable response of the
first impression.
Purpose of the review

1. Retention of facts and information

2. Organization of materials and experiences
3. Ability of the learner to evaluate the material
4. Foundations of further learning
5. Diagnosis of the learner’s weaknesses
6. Development and interest in the old materials
Types of Review

1. The short daily review

2. The post lesson unit review

3. Extensive unit review

Review techniques

1. Time frame of review

2. Length of review

3. Preparation for the review

Principles of a review lesson

1. The review must be of value to the learners.

2. The review must stimulate interest.

3. The review should adhere to pedagogical and

psychological principles of learning.
The Drill Lesson

- Intended for automatization of certain facts,

information, habits, attitudes and skills to fix
association for permanency or to perfect a certain
degree a particular skill.
Characteristics of a good drill

Guidelines to be observed and followed:

1. Motivation
2. Focalization
3. Repetition and attention
4. application
Principles in drill activity

1. Utilization of the principles of learning. The learners

should be properly motivated.
2. Way of conducting the drill. The teacher should organize
the subject matter to be covered and develop a system
that is fast, precise and uninterrupted by any form of
discussion.
3. Standards. Attainable standards e.g. speed, precision,
quality and accuracy are to be considered.
THE APPLICATION LESSON

The application on various expression lessons may take a variety of forms. The
different ideas, facts, principles, and rules that have been taught to the
learners can find outlets or manifested in any of the following activity:
1. Story telling
2. Oral reading
3. Dramatization
4. Written composition
5. Construction and illustration
6. Singing
7. Creative work or composition
8. Test