INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Chapter 1
 Contents
• Introduction
• Population & Sample
• Variables & Data
• Sources of Data
• Sample Surveys & Sampling Techniques
 Objectives
• At the end of this topic, students should
be able to:
o classify a statistical study as either
descriptive or inferential
o identify the population and the sample in an
inferential study
o explain what is meant by a representative
sample
o describe simple random sampling
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
• What is statistics?
o Common usage: Numerical facts
o Second meaning: A group of methods used
to collect, analyze, present and interpret
data and to make decisions
• 2 major types of statistics
o Descriptive
o Inferential
 Introduction
• Descriptive Statistics
o consists of methods for organizing and
summarizing information.
o includes the construction of graphs, charts,
and tables and the calculation of various
descriptive measures such as averages,
measures of variation, and percentiles.
 Introduction
• Inferential statistics
o consists of methods for drawing and
measuring the reliability of conclusions
about a population based on information
obtained from a sample of the population.
 Introduction
• Descriptive or inferential?
o Should consider the purpose of statistical
study. If….
 Examine and explore information for its own
intrinsic only  descriptive statistics
 The use the information obtained from a sample
of a population to draw conclusions 
inferential statistics
POPULATION & SAMPLE
Population & Sample
 Population & Sample
• What is population & sample?
o Population: The collection of all individuals
or items under consideration in a statistical
study.
o Sample: That part of the population from
which information is obtained.
• Give examples of population & sample.
 Population & Sample
• What is survey?
o The collection of information from the
elements of a population or a sample.
o 2 types of survey
 Census survey
 Includes every member of the population
 Sample survey
 Survey conducted on a sample
 Population & Sample
• A sample may be random or nonrandom.
• Random sample
o Each element of the population has a chance
of being selected.
o Simple Random Sample: The chance of
being selected for one element is the same
for each element of the population
• Nonrandom sample?
- Some members of the population may not
have chance of being selected in the sample
 Population & Sample
• Simple Random Sampling
o A sampling procedure for which each
possible sample of a given size is equally
likely to be the one obtained.
o 2 types of simple random sampling
 With replacement - whereby a member of the
population can be selected more than once
 Without replacement - whereby a member of
the population can be selected at most once.
VARIABLES & DATA
 Variables & Data
• What is variable?
o A characteristic that varies from one person or
thing to another.
 Variables & Data
• 2 types of variable
o Qualitative
 A nonnumerically valued variable.
o Quantitative
 A numerically valued variable.
 Discrete variable: A quantitative variable
whose possible values can be listed.
 Continuous variable: A quantitative variable
whose possible values form some interval of
numbers.
 Variables & Data
• What is data?
o Values of a variable.

Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Discrete Continuous
 Variables & Data
• 2 types of data
o Qualitative data
 Values of a qualitative variable.
o Quantitative data
 Values of a quantitative variable.
 Discrete data: Values of a discrete variable.
 Continuous data: Values of a continuous
variable.
 Variables & Data
• Examples:
o Qualitative Variables
 Hair colour, gender, types of cars, blood type
o Quantitative Variables
 Discrete
 number of students, Number of cars, Number of
houses,
 Continuous
 height, weight, time
 Variables & Data
• Exercises
o Identify ONE(1) qualitative variable.
o Identify ONE(1) discrete variable.
o Identify ONE(1) continuous variable.
o Identify the following types of variable at it’s
possible value.
 Household size
 The world’s Highest Waterfall
 Number of Siblings
 Religion
 Place of Birth
SOURCES OF DATA
 Sources of Data
• Accurate data is important to ensure
the reliable results in order to make
accurate decision.
• Sources of data
o Internal sources
o External sources
o Surveys and experiments
 Sources of Data
• Internal sources
o E.g.: company’s personnel files or
accounting records.
• External sources
o Can be in the form of primary or secondary
• Surveys and experiments
o Not available internally or externally
o Conduct our own survey or experiment
 Sources of Data
• Survey and experiments
o Survey
 A method of collecting data
 Do not exercise any control over the factors.
 Show association
 Example: The amount spent on clothes by
individuals in the campus
o Experiments
 Exercise control over some factors
 Can help establish causation
 Example: Folic Acid and birth defects
SAMPLE SURVEYS & SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Sample Surveys & Sampling Techniques
• Why sample?
o Time
o Cost
o Impossibility of conducting census
• 2 types of samples?
o Random
o Nonrandom
Sample Surveys & Sampling Techniques
• Random sampling technique
o Simple random sampling
 Each member of the population has the same chance of
being included in the sample
o Systematic random sampling
 Select one member from the first k units
o Stratified random sampling
 Divide population into subpopulation, which called strata.
Select one of each strata
o Cluster sampling
 Divide population into group (geographical) called cluster.
Select randomly cluster, and then select randomly samples
from the chosen clusters