DISEASE

STUDY IN
MALAYSI
A

TUBERCULOSIS
 Gwen Nicole Soon
Chu Xin Ya
BROUGHT Tee Hui Hui
TO YOU BY: Teh Kai Shin
Chan Charlene
 WHAT IS
TUBERCULOSIS
?
 Tuberculosis (TB) is an
infectious disease usually
caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
 Most infections show no
symptoms, in which case it is
known as latent tuberculosis.
 10% of latent infections
progress to active disease
which kills about half of
those affected if untreated.
INFECTED LUNGS
CAUSES OF
TUBERCULOSIS
 Spreads when a person with
active TB disease in their
lungs coughs or sneezes and
someone else inhales the
expelled droplets which
contain TB bacteria.
 Not as contagious as flu or
cough.
 You would have to spend
several hours in close contact
with an infected person to
catch the infection yourself.
  Some people develop TB disease within weeks
before their immune system can fight the TB
bacteria.
 Other people may get sick years later, when their
RISKS immune system becomes weak for another reason.

FACTORS OF  About 5 to 10% of infected people who do not

receive treatment for latent TB infection will
TUBERCULOSIS develop TB disease at some time in their lives.
 For those with a weak immune system (especially
those with HIV infection), the risk of developing TB
disease is much higher than for people with a
normal immune system.
PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN RECENTLY INFECTED
WITH TB BACTERIA
This includes:
 Close contacts of a person with infectious TB disease.
 People who have immigrated from areas of the world with high rates of TB.
 Children less than 5 years of age who have a positive TB test.
 Groups with high rates of TB transmission, such as homeless people, drug
injection users, and people with HIV infection.
 People who work or reside with those who are at high risk for TB in
facilities or institutions such as hospitals, homeless shelters, correctional
facilities, nursing homes, and residential homes for those with HIV.
PEOPLE WITH MEDICAL CONDITIONS THAT
WEAKEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
This includes:
• HIV infection (the virus that
causes AIDS)
• Substance abuse
• Silicosis
• Diabetes mellitus
• Severe kidney disease
• Organ transplants
• Head and neck cancer
• Medical treatments such as
corticosteroids or organ
transplant
• Specialized treatment for
rheumatoid arthritis or
Crohn’s disease
TREATMENT OF
TUBERCULOSIS
 HOW IS LATENT TB TREATED?

 If you have become infected with TB, but do not have the active TB disease
you should get preventive therapy (kills germs that could cause problems if
the disease becomes active).
 The most common preventive therapy is a daily dose of the antibiotic
isoniazid (INH) taken as a single daily pill for six to nine months. 
 HOW IS ACTIVE TB TREATED?
 Treated with a combination of antibacterial medications for a period of six to 12
months.
 The most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid INH in combination with
three other drugs (rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol).
 Infected person must continue taking their medication as prescribed for the entire
time their doctor indicates or they could get sick again, have a harder time
fighting the disease in the future and spread the disease to others.
 Not completing the entire course of medication could also contribute to drug-
resistant TB.
 DRUG-RESISTANT TB

 Means that some drugs initially used to treat TB will no longer be able
to fight the TB germs in your body.
 TB that is resistant to more than one drug, called multidrug-resistant
TB (MDR TB) is very dangerous. 
 The treatment for this type of TB takes much longer, (20 to 30 months)
and you may experience more side effects.
 TUBERCULOSIS
Prevention: Control Measures:
 Use personal respiratory protective devices.  Houses should be adequately ventilated.
 Avoid exposing yourself to people with  Don’t go outdoors unless necessary.
active TB.  Sleep alone in an adequately ventilated
 Get the BCG vaccination to prevent TB. room.
 Schedule a TB test if you have been exposed Don’t use public transport unless
to someone with tuberculosis. necessary.
 Ventilate the room.
 Early diagnosis and treatment.
 RECOMMENDATIONS ON HOW TO PREVENT
TUBERCULOSIS

 BCG vaccinations for children who haven’t receive the vaccine before.
 Early diagnosis and treatment.
 Adequate rest.
 Balanced diet.
 Fresh air.
 Adequate exercise.
 Good personal hygiene.
LOOK AT THE GRAPH
The highest rate of
Tuberculosis cases is
in 2016 and 2018.

The lowest rate of

Tuberculosis cases is
in 2008.
PREDICTION BASED ON GRAPH.
Justify:
Prediction:  Years of medical improvement makes
Decreases treatment for TB easier and more
effective.
 Government have been doing
prevention over these years.
 The society knows how to protect
themselves from getting infected.
~THE END~