STS

MODULE 2 Lesson 2:
Intellectual Revolution
(Kuhnian Perspective to Science and
Technology)
Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society

“Intellectual Revolution” is used to refer to Greek speculation about the

“nature” in the period before Socrates.

Pre-Socratic or non-theological or first philosophy

This is form of 3 characteristics

• Natural Whole
• Natural order
• Human can discover laws
 THREE
Most Important
Intellectual
Revolutions in
History
 Earth was believed to be the center of the
01 Copernican universe based on geocentric model of Ptolemy,
Ptolemaic model.

02
Charles Darwin published a book entitled “On the
Darwinian Origin of Species” in 1859

03 Freudian He believed that people explain their behavior to

themselves or other

Three components
1. ID – made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to
satisfy basic needs, urges and desires.

2. Superego – composed of people’s internalized ideas acquired

from parents and society.

3. Ego – mediates the demand of the id, superego and reality.

The Scientific Revolution
(1440-1690 AD)

● It refers to successions of occurrences that shows

evidences on the emergence of modern science during
the early modern period.

● Intellectual revolution is associated with the

contributions made by different scientists in the field of
Science.
 Some Great
Scientific
Intellectual
Achievements
 Universe Model
by Nicolas Copernicus

A Heliocentric model of
the universe.

The distance from the sun

determines the arrangement
of planets and stars.
Law of Planetary
Motion
by Johannes Kepler All pla ne t s r evolved
•
n in an
around the su
elliptical way.

e rih elio n is t he closest

• P
it io n o f the e arth to the
pos
sun

p he li on id th e farthest
• A
earth
position of the
un.
towards the s
 Work of Motion
by Galileo Galilei

The discovery of the relations of distance, velocity,

acceleration using the following scientific approach:
a. Concept
b. Expression of the relationship of
concepts
c. Giving hypothesis
d. Deduction of consequences of hypothesis
e. Experimentation
f. Analysis of abstract and situation
 Law of
Motion
by Isaac Newton

Three Laws of Motion

a. Law of Inertia
b. Law of Acceleration
c. Law of Interaction
Law of Universal Gravitation

by Isaac Newton

“Every particle attracts every other

particle in the universe with a force
that is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers”
Some places that showed
modern scientific ideas
Mesoamerican Middle East
Civilization Civilization
They Invention of
contribute greatly writing was the
in agriculture. most important
contribution.
Asian African
Civilization Civilization
People weapons Farming and
and utensils were slaves found in
made from bronze this civilization.
and copper.
 LESSON 3
KUHNIAN PERSPECTIVE
IN THE SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
 The Kuhn Cycle
- is a simple cycle of progress described by
Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. In
Structure Kuhn challenged the world's
current conception of science, which was
that it was a steady progression of the
accumulation of new ideas.
 The Steps of the Kuhn Cycle

0. PRE-SCIENCE - The field has no workable paradigm to

successfully guide its work.

1. Normal Science - The normal step, where the field has a

scientifically based model of understanding (a paradigm) that works.

2. Model Drift - The model of understanding starts to drift, due to

accumulation of anomalies, phenomenon the model cannot explain.
 The Steps of the Kuhn
Cycle
3 .Model Crisis - The Model Drift becomes so excessive the model is broken. It can no
longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving. Attempts to patch the model up to
make it work fail. The field is in anguish.

4. Model Revolution - This begins when serious candidates for a new model
emerge. It's a revolution because the new model is so radically different
from the old one.
 The Steps of the Kuhn
Cycle
5. Paradigm Change - A single new paradigm emerges and the
field changes from the old to the new paradigm. When this step
ends the new paradigm becomes the new Normal Science and
the Kuhn Cycle is complete.
 Defining
"paradigm"
Thomas Kuhn defined paradigms as
"universally recognized scientific
achievements that, for a time,
provide model problems and
solutions for a community of
researchers.