CLAUSE TYPE (‘MOOD’)

 Claffication of clauses in terms of what traditionally.

THERE ARE FOUR MOODS
1. Declarative : characteristically used to make
statements.
Ex: you are thoughtful
2. Interrogative : clause to ask questions.
Ex: are you thoughtful?
3. Imperative: clauses to give orders and make requests.
Ex: Be thoughtful
4. Exclamative: clauses to make exclamations.
Ex: how thoughtful you are!
DECLARATIVE CLAUSES
 The typically used to make statements.
 can be affirmative or negative

Example
She helped them
I like him
 INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES
 Two subclasses of interrogative clauses
1. Closed : the answer is usually rescrited to positive or negative.
Q: have you find it?
A: yes i have/ no i haven’t

yes/no question is commonly used. We have avoid this term for two reasons.
2. Yes or no are always not relevant. Neither It can be appropriate question to the closed
interrogative Is she happy?
3. Itis desirable to have two separate terms, one grammatical (‘interogative’) and one semantic
(question), since grammar and semantic quite frequently do not corresponde where mood is
concerned. Closed interrogative may also be used to issue request or make exclamations.
can you please help me? (request)
haven’t we had fun! (exclamations)

closed interrogative is formed by placing the operator verb before the subject.
Sue will find difficult it will Sue find it difficult?
sue find it difficult Did Sue find it difficult?
2.Open interrogative : sometimes called wh-question in
recognation of the fact that they always include one of these
‘wh-words’. Wh-words may belong to a number of different
parts of speech, such as:
 Determinatives (which, whose, what, as in Which racquet can i
borrow?)
 Pronouns (who, whom, which, what, as in what did you see?)

 Adverbs (where, when, why, how, as in Why are you leaving?)

Open interrogatives have two distinctive structural features:

 The appearance of a wh-interrogative phrase in initial position

 Subject-operator inversion
One special type of closed interrogative is the interrogative tag,
which have the structure of a closed interrogative omitted
except for the operator verb and the subject (always in the form
of a personal pronoun).
Jhon found it in the garden, didn’t he?
Jhone didn’t find it in the garden, did he?
 THE IMPERRATIVE CLAUSES

The imperrative has three main distinguish features.

1. It normally lacks a subject (understood to be you), as in:
give me your hand
have a good time
We say ‘normally’ her, because of the occasional
occurence of examples, (which have you and
something respectives as subjects):
you stand in front
somebody stand in front.
2. The verb is always Vi. Thus, if the verb be is used in an
imperrative it takes the Vi form be, and not the Vo form are.
Be good
are good
3. They normally form their negatives with don’t (don’t leave them there), or
do not in more formal usage. (do not be late).
let’s go for a walk
let’s have lunch
EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSES

 Introduced by the determinative what or the degree adverb

how.
what a fantastic time we had!
how peaceful it is in this town!
the subject stays in its normal position before
the predicator, but occasionally-normally in
formal literaly style-subject –operator inversion
occurs. As in:
how often have i yearned for a better life!
NEGATION IN THE CLAUSE
 Clausal and subclausal negation : involving ‘verb
negation’ with not or n’t.
1. George has left
2. George has not/ hasn’t left.

3. George left
4. George did not/ didn’t left.
The positive clause in (1) is negated by inserting not
after the operator has. if the positive clause has no
operator (3), the dummy do is introduced as operator.
 THE TWO MAIN TESTS FOR DETERMINING WHETHER A CLAUSE IS
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE ARE AS FOLLOW:

 Extending clause : positive clauses can be followed by elliptical extending

clauses with so or too:
george has left and so has Martha
George has left, and Martha has too.
By contrast, negative clauses can be followed by
elliptical extending clauses with neither or nor:
George hasn’t left, and neither has martha
George hasn’t left, and nor has Martha.
 Interrogative tags: positive clauses take negative tags:

George has left, hasn’t he?

negative clauses take positive tags:
George hasn’t left,has he?
Here, the tag which carries the same polarity as the preceding clause, is
emotively charged rather than neutral.
These sentence pass the tests for clausal
negation just as readly as their verb-negation
counterparts with not/n’t.
we saw nothing, did we? (positive tag)
We saw nothing, and neither did they (and neither extension)
I will never go there again, will i? (positive tag)
I will never go there, and neither well they ( and neither extension)

Subclausal negation occurs when only a word

phrase, and not entire clause, is negated, as in:
We had a not very succesful workshop
She had a major operation not long ago
The fact that negation here is subclausal.
THE SCOPE OF NEGATION
An important consideration in interpreting
clausal negation is the ‘scope of negation’
1. Helga deliberatly didn’t make herself a nusaince
2. Helga didn’t deliberatly make herself a nusaince.
These differ with respect to which parts of the meaning
the negative has influence over. In (1) deliberatly falls
outside the scope of the negation (In a deliberate fashion,
Helga didn’t make herself a nuisance’), but in(2)
deliberately falls within the scope of the negation (it is
not the case that Helga deliberately made herself
nuisance’)