E FF E C T S OF

E A RT H Q U A K E
BY: GIAN KIM E. LAGAT
Objectives:
• What are the primary and secondary effects
of an earthquake
• What are the causes and effects of
earthquakes
• To determine what are the effects of
earthquakes
An earthquake is a sudden shaking
movement of the surface of the earth. It is
known as a quake, tremblor or tremor.
Earthquake can range in size from those
that are so weak that they cannot be felt
those violent enough to toss people around
and destroy whole cities.
Causes and Effects of Earthquakes
 Causes of Earthquakes
Natural cause:
Earthquake are the result of slow-moving processes that
operate within Earth.
Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever
since(near the surface, for each km into Earth, the
temperature rises by about 30deg. Celcius).
Earth’s cooling causes the portions of Earth to move and
that movement is what we call Earthquake.
Some of the human decisions that have induced
eartquakes:
• Dams and reservoirs
Its just water, but water is heavy.Large reservoirs of water
created by dams have a long history of inducing
earthquakes. The 2008 earthquake in Sichuan, China, that
killed nearly 70,000 people was one of the most
devastating in recent memory, and some scientist think it
was triggered by the construction of the Zipingpu Dam
nearby.
• Groundwater extraction:
Taking water out of the ground, which causes
the water table drop, can also destabilize an
existing fault.
• Geothermal power plants:
As the geothermal field operation have ramped
up, seismic activity has increased there.
• Fracking and injection wells:
When waste fracking fluid in injected back
underground into deep wells, The fluid can
sleep out and lubricate faults, causing them to
slip more easily.
• Skyscrapers:
It is about outing too much pressure on the soft
sedimentary rock below. This stress is due to all extra steel
and concrete used to make the skyscraper solid enough to
withstand earthquakes
 Effects of Earthquakes
The destructive effects of an earthquake can be classified
into primary and secondary effects.
Primary effects:
They are the immediate damage caused by the quake,
such as collapsing buildings, roads and bridges, which may
kill many people. Those lucky enough to survive can suffer
badly from shock and panic.
Secondary effects:
They are the after-effects of the earthquake.
Secondary effects of earthquakes
 TSUNAMIS
 SOIL LIQUEFACTION
 FIRE
 DISEASE AND FAMINE
 LANDSLIDES
• Fire: earthquakes destroy gas pipes and electric cables,
causing fires to spread. Broken water mains prevents
the fires being extinguished.
• Tsunamis: an earthquake on the sea floor or close to
the coast may cause huge waves.

• Landslides: earthquakes often

cause landslides, especially in
steep river valleys and areas of
weak rocks.
• Disease and famine: fresh supplies are often cut off
causing typhoid and cholera. Lack of shelter and food
causes much suffering.

• Soil liquefaction: when soils

with a high water content are
violently shaken they lose their
mechanical strength and behave
like a fluid and so buildings can
literally sink.
• Disease and famine: fresh supplies are often cut off
causing typhoid and cholera. Lack of shelter and food
causes much suffering.

• Soil liquefaction: when soils

with a high water content are
violently shaken they lose their
mechanical strength and behave
like a fluid and so buildings can
literally sink.
Q1. How do earthquakes affect the
land?

Q2.What is the best thing to do if

there is an earthquake?
A1. But not all earthquakes are
powerful enough to cause
damage. In fact, earthquakes are
happening all the time, on land
and in the ocean.
A2. If you are indoors during
earthquake. DROP to the ground take
COVER by getting under a sturdy table
or other piece of furniture and HOLD
ON until the shaking stops.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING