Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENERGY
What is meant by Biomass
• agriculture
• residues from forestry, specific industries (e.g. furniture
production, saw dust), food processing
• solid municipal and industrial wastes
• used wood e.g. from old furniture, used timber
• marine systems: the oceans of our world contain much
more biomass than existing on the continents (but they are
not regarded as a source of biomass for energetic
utilization)
Sources of Biomass
• Densification
• Microbial treatment
• Thermal treatment
• Chemical treatment
• Mechanical processes
Densification
BIOMASS DENSIFICATION is the process of compacting low a
bulk density material into a product of high density Densification
has stimulate a great deal of interest worldwide in recent years as
a technique of beneficiation of residues for utilization as energy
source. Densified biomass is mostly in the form of briquettes in
developing counties and in the form of pellets in developed
countries.
•Briquettes
Briquetting is the process of densification of biomass to produce
homogeneous, uniformly sized solid pieces of high bulk density
which can be conveniently used as a fuel.
•Pellets
Pelletizing is closely related to briquetting except that it uses
smaller dies (approximately 30 mm) so that the smaller products
are called pellets.
Briquettes
• Piston Press
In the die and punch technology, which is also known as ram and
die technology, biomass is punched into a die by a
reciprocating ram with a very high pressure thereby
compressing the mass to obtain a compacted product. The
standard size of the briquette produced using this machine is
60 mm, diameter. The power required by a machine of capacity
700 kg/hr is 25 kW. The ram moves approximately 270 times
per minute in this process.
Piston Press
Briquettes
Screw Press
In this process, the biomass is extruded continuously by one
or more screws through a taper die which is heated
externally to reduce the friction. Here also, due to the
application of high pressures, the temperature rises
fluidizing the lignin present in the biomass which acts as a
binder. The outer surface of the briquettes obtained through
this process is carbonized and has a hole in the centre
which promotes better combustion. Standard size of the
briquette is 60 mm diameter.
Screw Press
Pellets
• Flat/disk Type
• The flat die type features a circular perforated disk on which
two or more rollers rotate. The ring die press features a
rotating perforated ring on which rollers press onto the inner
perimeter. Large capacity pelletizers are available in the
range of 200 kg/h to 30 ton/h thus pellets press capacity is
not restricted by density of the raw material as in the case
of piston or screw presses. Power consumption falls within
the range of 15 – 40 kWh/ton.
Flat/disk Type
Microbial Treatment
• Long traditions in many cultures in the field of food
processing e.g. beer brewing, alcoholic
fermentation, preservation technologies as lactic
acid fermentation
• Waste treatment in agriculture and food industry by
aerobic treatment (composting) and anaerobic
fermentation
• Treatment of municipal and industrial waste water
• (Pre)Treatment of solid waste containing organic
materials
Aerobic Processes
Agricutural wastes: Treatment of solid
Traditional method: urban waste:
composting Technology with
good prospects
Pretreatment of Treatment of
hazardous waste gaseous phases for
de-odorizing
(e.g. compost
filters in fish
industry)
Biomass contributions to energy supply : electrical
energy
• Wood, other biomass (Combustion, Pyrolysis)
• Biogas
• Waste, sewage sludge (incineration, Fermentation)
• Chemical Processes: hydrogenation,
transesterification
• BTL (Biomass to liquid)
Wood Incineration units
MAIN STEPS
• Collection and (pre)treatment
• Producing a slurry with balanced composition (e.g. water-
content, total organic solids. C/N ratio)
• Feeding of reactor with constant rate
• Keeping fermenter at nearly constant temperature of about
33o Centigrade
• Mixing of substrate during fermentation
• Gas collection, purification, utilization (heat and electricity)
• Collection and utilization of fermented slurry e.g as high
value organic fertilizerer
Applications
Collection
and Fermentaion
pretreatment
• Air Pollution
• Soil Deterioration
Air Concerns
•Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to
fossil fuels
•Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity
Future