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Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statement Analysis
Financial
Financial Statement
Statement
Analysis
Analysis
© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11/e
Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.
Carroll College, Waukesha, WI
1
Financial
Financial
Statement
Statement Analysis
Analysis
Financial Statements
A Possible Framework for Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Trend Analysis (Horizontal)
Common-Size and Index Analysis
(Vertical)
2
Examples
Examples of
of External
External Uses
Uses
of
of Statement
Statement Analysis
Analysis
Trade Creditors -- Focus on the
liquidity of the firm.
Bondholders -- Focus on the
long-term cash flow of the firm.
Shareholders -- Focus on the
profitability and long-term health of
the firm.
3
Examples
Examples of
of Internal
Internal Uses
Uses
of
of Statement
Statement Analysis
Analysis
Plan -- Focus on assessing the current
financial position and evaluating
potential firm opportunities.
Control -- Focus on return on investment
for various assets and asset efficiency.
Understand -- Focus on understanding
how suppliers of funds analyze the firm.
4
Primary
Primary Types
Types of
of
Financial
Financial Statements
Statements
Balance Sheet
A summary of a firm’s financial position on
a given date that shows total assets = total
liabilities + owners’ equity.
Income Statement
A summary of a firm’s revenues and
expenses over a specified period, ending
with net income or loss for the period.
5
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’ Balance
Balance
Sheet
Sheet (Asset
(Asset Side)
Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2003a
Cash and C.E. $ 90 a. How the firm stands on
Acct. Rec.c 394 a specific date.
Inventories 696 Prepaid Exp d b. What BW owned.
5 Accum Tax Prepay c. Amounts owed by
10 customers.
Current Assetse d. Future expense items
$1,195 Fixed Assets (@Cost) f
already paid.
1030 Less: Acc. Depr. g
e. Cash/likely convertible
(329) Net Fix. Assets $ 701
to cash within 1 year.
Investment, LT 50 Other
Assets, LT 223 Total
f. Original amount paid.
Assets b $2,169 g. Acc. deductions for
6 wear and tear.
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’ Balance
Balance
Sheet
Sheet (Liability
(Liability Side)
Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2003
Notes Payable $ 290 a. Note, Assets =
Acct. Payablec 94 Accrued Liabilities + Equity.
Taxes d 16 Other Accrued b. What BW owed and
Liab. d 100 Current ownership position.
Liab. $ 500 Long-Term Debt
e f
530
c. Owed to suppliers for
goods and services.
Total Liabilities 1030
d. Unpaid wages, salaries,
Shareholders’ Equity Com.
etc.
Stock ($1 par) g 200 Add Pd in
Capital g 729 Retained e. Debts payable < 1 year.
Earnings h 210 Total f. Debts payable > 1 year.
Equity $1,139 g. Original investment.
7 Total Liab/Equitya,b $2,169 h. Earnings reinvested.
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands)
for Year Ending December 31, 2003a
Net Sales $ 2,211 a. Measures profitability
Cost of Goods Sold b 1,599 over a time period.
Gross Profit $ 612 b. Received, or receivable,
SG&A Expenses c 402 from customers.
EBITd $ c. Sales comm., adv.,
210 Interest Expensee officers’ salaries, etc.
59 EBT f $ d. Operating income.
151 Income Taxes e. Cost of borrowed funds.
60 EATg $ 91 f. Taxable income.
Cash Dividends 38 g. Amount earned for
8
Increase in RE $ 53 shareholders.
Framework
Framework for
for
Financial
Financial Analysis
Analysis
Trend / Seasonal Component
How much funding will be
required in the future?
1. Analysis of the funds
needs of the firm. Is there a seasonal
component?
10
Framework
Framework for
for
Financial
Financial Analysis
Analysis
13
Use
Use of
of Financial
Financial Ratios
Ratios
14
External
External Comparisons
Comparisons and
and
Sources
Sources of
of Industry
Industry Ratios
Ratios
This involves Examples:
comparing the ratios Robert Morris
of one firm with those Associates
of similar firms or with
industry averages. Dun & Bradstreet
Almanac of
Similarity is important Business and
as one should Industrial
compare “apples to Financial Ratios
15
apples.”
Liquidity
Liquidity Ratios
Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios 1. Current Ratio
Current Assets
Liquidity Ratios Current Liabilities
2.5
2.3
Ratio Value
2.1
BW
1.9 Industry
1.7
1.5
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
21
Acid-Test
Acid-Test Ratio
Ratio --
-- Trend
Trend
Analysis
Analysis Comparison
Comparison
Trend Analysis of Acid-Test Ratio
1.5
1.3
Ratio Value
1.0 BW
Industry
0.8
0.5
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
22
Summary
Summary of
of the
the Liquidity
Liquidity
Trend
Trend Analyses
Analyses
The current ratio for BW has been rising
at the same time the acid-test ratio has
been declining.
The current ratio for the industry has
been rising slowly at the same time the
acid-test ratio has been relatively stable.
This indicates that inventories are a
significant problem for BW.
BW
23
Financial
Financial Leverage
Leverage Ratios
Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios 1. Debt-to-Equity
Total Debt
Financial Leverage Shareholders’ Equity
Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2003
Shows the extent to
which the firm is $1,030 = .90:1
financed by debt. $1,139
24
Financial
Financial Leverage
Leverage
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Year BW Industry
2003 .90 .90
2002 .88 .90
2001 .81 .89
BW has average debt utilization
25
relative to the industry average.
Financial
Financial Leverage
Leverage Ratios
Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios 2. Debt-to-Total-Assets
Total Debt
Financial Leverage Total Assets
Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Shows the percentage December 31, 2003
of the firm’s assets
that are supported by $1,030 = .47:1
debt financing. $2,169
26
Financial
Financial Leverage
Leverage
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Debt-to-Total-Asset Ratio
Year BW Industry
2003 .47 .47
2002 .47 .47
2001 .45 .47
BW has average debt utilization
27
relative to the industry average.
Financial
Financial Leverage
Leverage Ratios
Ratios
Balance Sheet Ratios 3.Total Capitalization
(i.e., LT-Debt + Equity)
Interest Expenses
Coverage Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates a firm’s December 31, 2003
ability to cover
interest Expenses. $210 = 3.56:1
$59
30
Coverage
Coverage
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Interest Coverage Ratio
Year BW Industry
2003 3.56 5.19
2002 4.35 5.02
2001 10.30 4.66
BW has below average interest coverage
31
relative to the industry average.
Coverage
Coverage Ratio
Ratio --
-- Trend
Trend
Analysis
Analysis Comparison
Comparison
Trend Analysis of Interest Coverage Ratio
11.0
9.0
Ratio Value
7.0 BW
Industry
5.0
3.0
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
32
Summary
Summary of
of the
the Coverage
Coverage
Trend
Trend Analysis
Analysis
The interest coverage ratio for BW has
been falling since 2001. It has been
below industry averages for the past
two years.
This indicates that low earnings (EBIT)
may be a potential problem for BW.
BW
Note, we know that debt levels are in
line with the industry averages.
33
Activity
Activity Ratios
Ratios
Income Statement / 1. Receivable Turnover
(Assume all sales are credit sales.)
Balance Sheet
Ratios Annual Net Credit Sales
Receivables
Activity Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates quality of December 31, 2003
receivables and how
successful the firm is in $2,211 = 5.61:1
its collections. $394
34
Activity
Activity Ratios
Ratios
2.Avg Collection Period
Income Statement /
Balance Sheet Days in the Year
Ratios Receivable Turnover
Balance Sheet
Ratios Days in the Year
Payable Turnover
Activity Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2003
Average number of days
that payables are 365
outstanding. = 22.1 days
16.5
38
Activity
Activity
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Payable Turnover in Days
Year BW Industry
2003 22.1 46.7
2002 25.4 51.1
2001 43.5 48.5
BW has improved the PT in Days.
39
Is this good?
Activity
Activity Ratios
Ratios
Income Statement / 5. Inventory Turnover
Balance Sheet
Ratios Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory
Activity Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2003
Indicates the
effectiveness of the $1,599 = 2.30
inventory management $696
practices of the firm.
40
Activity
Activity
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Inventory Turnover Ratio
Year BW Industry
2003 2.30 3.45
2002 2.44 3.76
2001 2.64 3.69
BW has a very poor inventory turnover ratio.
41
Inventory
Inventory Turnover
Turnover Ratio
Ratio
--Trend
--Trend Analysis
Analysis
Comparison
Comparison
Trend Analysis of Inventory Turnover Ratio
4.0
3.5
Ratio Value
3.0 BW
Industry
2.5
2.0
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
42
Activity
Activity Ratios
Ratios
Income Statement / 6. Total Asset Turnover
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Sales
Total Assets
32.5
30.0 BW
Industry
27.5
25.0
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
47
Profitability
Profitability Ratios
Ratios
Income Statement / 2. Net Profit Margin
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Profit after Taxes
(EAT)
Net Sales
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
December 31, 2003
Indicates the firm’s
profitability after taking $91 = .041= 4.1%
account of all expenses $2,211
and income taxes.
48
Profitability
Profitability
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Net Profit Margin
Year BW Industry
2003 4.1% 8.2%
2002 4.9 8.1
2001 9.0 7.6
BW has a poor Net Profit Margin.
49
Net
Net Profit
Profit Margin
Margin --
--
Trend
Trend Analysis
Analysis Comparison
Comparison
Trend Analysis of Net Profit Margin
10
9
Ratio Value (%)
8
7 BW
6 Industry
5
4
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
50
Profitability
Profitability Ratios
Ratios
Income Statement / 3. Return on Investment
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Profit after Taxes
Total Assets (Investment)
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates the profitability December 31, 2003
on the assets of the firm
(after all expenses and $91 = .042= 4.2%
taxes). $2,160
51
Profitability
Profitability
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Return on Investment
Year BW Industry
2003 4.2% 9.8%
2002 5.0 9.1
2001 9.1 10.8
BW has a poor Return on Investment.
52
Return
Return on
on Investment
Investment ––
Trend
Trend Analysis
Analysis Comparison
Comparison
Trend Analysis of Return on Investment
12
Ratio Value (%)
10
8 BW
Industry
6
4
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
53
Profitability
Profitability Ratios
Ratios
Income Statement / 4. Return on Equity(ROE)
Balance Sheet
Ratios Net Profit after Taxes
Shareholders’ Equity
Profitability Ratios
For Basket Wonders
Indicates the profitability December 31, 2003
to the shareholders of the
firm (after all expenses $91 = .08= 8%
and taxes). $1,139
54
Profitability
Profitability
Ratio
Ratio Comparisons
Comparisons
Return on Equity
Year BW Industry
2003 8.0% 17.9%
2002 9.4 17.2
2001 16.6 20.4
BW has a poor Return on Equity.
55
Return
Return on
on Equity
Equity --
--
Trend
Trend Analysis
Analysis Comparison
Comparison
Trend Analysis of Return on Equity
21.0
Ratio Value (%)
17.5
14.0 BW
Industry
10.5
7.0
2001 2002 2003
Analysis Year
56
5. Market value Ratio
57
Return
Return on
on Investment
Investment and
and
the
the Du
Du Pont
Pont Approach
Approach
Earning Power = Sales profitability X
Asset efficiency
ROI = Net profit margin X
Total asset turnover
ROI2003 = .041 x 1.02 = .042 or 4.2%
ROIIndustry = .082 x 1.17 = .098 or 9.8%
58
Return
Return on
on Equity
Equity and
and
the
the Du
Du Pont
Pont Approach
Approach
Return On Equity = Net profit margin X
Total asset turnover X
Equity Multiplier
Total Assets
Equity Multiplier =
Shareholders’ Equity
62
Percentage of Cash
= (Amount of cash / Total Assets)*100
= (148/1223)*100= 12.10%
63
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’ Common
Common
Size
Size Balance
Balance Sheets
Sheets
Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%)
Assets 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Cash 148 100 90 12.10 4.89 4.15
AR 283 410 394 23.14 20.06 18.17
Inv 322 616 696 26.33 30.14 32.09
Other CA 10 14 15 0.82 0.68 0.69
Tot CA 763 1,140 1,195 62.39 55.77 55.09
Net FA 349 631 701 28.54 30.87 32.32
LT Inv 0 50 50 0.00 2.45 2.31
Other LT 111 223 223 9.08 10.91 10.28
Tot Assets 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 100.0 100.0
64
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’ Common
Common
Size
Size Balance
Balance Sheets
Sheets
Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%)
Liab+Equity 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Note Pay 290 295 290 23.71 14.43 13.37
Acct Pay 81 94 94 6.62 4.60 4.33
Accr Tax 13 16 16 1.06 0.78 0.74
Other Accr 15 100 100 1.23 4.89 4.61
Tot CL 399 505 500 32.62 24.71 23.05
LT Debt 150 453 530 12.26 22.16 24.44
Equity 674 1,086 1,139 55.11 53.13 52.51
Tot L+E 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 100.0 100.0
65
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’ Common
Common
Size
Size Income
Income Statements
Statements
Regular (thousands of $) Common-Size (%)
2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Net Sales 1,235 2,106 2,211 100.0 100.0 100.0
COGS 849 1,501 1,599 68.7 71.3 72.3
Gross Profit 386 605 612 31.3 28.7 27.7
Adm. 180 383 402 14.6 18.2 18.2
EBIT 206 222 210 16.7 10.5 9.5
Int Exp 20 51 59 1.6 2.4 2.7
EBT 186 171 151 15.1 8.1 6.8
EAT 112 103 91 9.1 4.9 4.1
Cash Div 50 50 50 4.0 2.4 2.3
66
Index
Index Analyses
Analyses
(Horizontal
(Horizontal Analysis)
Analysis)
An analysis of percentage financial
statements where all balance sheet
or income statement figures for a
base year equal 100.0 (percent) and
subsequent financial statement
items are expressed as percentages
of their values in the base year.
67
Percentage of Year wise item:
= (Amount of year / Amount of
Base year)* 100
=(100/148)*100 %
= 67.6%
68
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’
Indexed
Indexed Balance
Balance Sheets
Sheets
Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%)
Assets 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Cash 148 100 90 100.0 67.6 60.8
AR 283 410 394 100.0 144.9 139.2
Inv 322 616 696 100.0 191.3 216.1
Other CA 10 14 15 100.0 140.0 150.0
Tot CA 763 1,140 1,195 100.0 149.4 156.6
Net FA 349 631 701 100.0 180.8 200.9
LT Inv 0 50 50 100.0 inf. inf.
Other LT 111 223 223 100.0 200.9 200.9
Tot Assets 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 167.1 177.4
69
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’
Indexed
Indexed Balance
Balance Sheets
Sheets
Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%)
Liab+Equity 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Note Pay 290 295 290 100.0 101.7 100.0
Acct Pay 81 94 94 100.0 116.0 116.0
Accr Tax 13 16 16 100.0 123.1 123.1
Other Accr 15 100 100 100.0 666.7 666.7
Tot CL 399 505 500 100.0 126.6 125.3
LT Debt 150 453 530 100.0 302.0 353.3
Equity 674 1,086 1,139 100.0 161.1 169.0
Tot L+E 1,223 2,044 2,169 100.0 167.1 177.4
70
Basket
Basket Wonders’
Wonders’ Indexed
Indexed
Income
Income Statements
Statements
Regular (thousands of $) Indexed (%)
2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Net Sales 1,235 2,106 2,211 100.0 170.5 179.0
COGS 849 1,501 1,599 100.0 176.8 188.3
Gross Profit 386 605 612 100.0 156.7 158.5
Adm. 180 383 402 100.0 212.8 223.3
EBIT 206 222 210 100.0 107.8 101.9
Int Exp 20 51 59 100.0 255.0 295.0
EBT 186 171 151 100.0 91.9 81.2
EAT 112 103 91 100.0 92.0 81.3
Cash Div 50 50 50 100.0 100.0 100.0
71
Capital = owner’s capital
(Equity)+ LT Debt
72
128/1223=.12=12%
73