QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH
results in large amounts of contextually
laden, subjective, and richly detailed
data. This data usually originates from
interview transcripts or observation notes
and must be pared down to represent
major themes or categories that describe
the phenomenon being studied.
DATA REDUCTION FACILITATES
COMMUNICATING FINDINGS
SIMPLY AND EFFICIENTLY.
 The clarity and applicability of the findings,
however, depend on the analytic intellect of
the researcher.
 This depend on the human factor that can
be the greatest strength or the greatest
weakness of a qualitative research study
 It is incumbent on the researcher to report
and document his or her analytic processes
and procedures fully and truthfully so others
may evaluate the credibility of the
researcher and his or her findings.
Strategies relating to coding and
analysis
 Excellent qualitative inquiry is likely to involve
the simultaneous collection and analysis of
data and so several strategies describe a
preceding section are relevant ensuring both
analytic integrity and high quality data.

Example: Member checking

 this can occur in an ongoing function as a part
of data collection process but typically also
involves participant’s preliminary analytic
construction
INVESTIGATOR AND
TRIANGULATION
Triangulation-
is to provide a basis for convergence on
the truth: it offers opportunities to sort out
“true” information from relevant and
erroneous information using multiple
methods and perspectives

 during analysis different types of

triangulation are pertinent
 Its premise is that through collaboration and
is analogous
CODING CONSISTENCY
 whether it can be the intracoder
or intercoder it must have a
clearly defined categories and
decision rules that are
documented in a code book or
coding “dictionary”.
EXAMPLE OF INDEPENDENT CODING
 Mentes, chang, and Morris (2206) Studied the
perspectives of nursing home staff on the
problem of dehydration in skilled nursing
facilitates, using data from focus group
interviews in three nursing homes.
 According to them “in coding the data, two
reviewers independently read the transcript
and come up with an initial checklist of codes
and then compiled a master list of codes after
comparing checklist and reconciling
differences in the coding using master code
list
FOCUS GROUP STUDIES
 post session and debriefing are highly
recommended
 tape recorded
 Team member who is present during the
session meet discuss issues and themes that
arose
 View about group dynamics
STEPWISE REPLICATION

 It involves having research team that

can be divided into two groups.
These groups deal with data sources
separately and conduct essentially
independent inquiries through which
data can be compared. Ongoing
process of communication is required
for the success of the research.
EXAMPLE
Williams and co researchers(2000)
 Used stepwise replication in a study of coping
with normal results from predictive gene
testing for neuro degenerative disorders. Ten
participants were interviewed three times.
Three researcher read through transcript of the
first set of interviews made marginal notes for
coding. The three researcher compared their
codes and revise them until agreement was
reached. All transcript from the remaining
interviews were coded independently, and the
researchers met periodically to compare codes
and reach consensus.
THEORY TRIANGULATION
 researchers use competing theories
of hypothesis in the analysis and
interpretation of their data. It can
help researchers to rule out rival
hypotheses and to prevent
premature conceptualization.
ANALYSIS TRIANGULATION
 using two or more analytic
techniques to analyze the same
set of data. It offers another
opportunity to validate the
meanings inherent in qualitative
data set.
SEARCHING FOR DISCONFIRMING EVIDENCES AND
COMPETING EXPLANATION
 The purposive or theoretical
sampling of individuals who can
offer conflicting accounts or points
of view can greatly strengthen the
phenomenon. Researchers cannot
look on disconfirming data unless
they have sense of what they need
to know
EXAMPLE:
 Tuckett (2005) conducted a study of truth
telling in high level aged care in a nursing
home. One of his sampling decisions was
driven by the evidences . one of the RN’S in
the nursing home was tuckett considered a
typical case. The RN not only was a team
leader but also was the daughter of one of
the nursing home residents. Her
understanding about truth telling included
her roles both RN and as a daughter of a
patient
NEGATIVE CASE ANALYSIS
Deviant case analysis is a process
by which researchers revise their
interpretation by including cases
that appear to disconfirm earlier
hypothesis
 it inductive and logical.
 It involves seeking other ways of
organizing data
PEER DEBRIEFING
 Involves session with peers to
review and explore various
apects of the inquiry.
 It exposes researchers to the
searching questions of others
who are experience in
phenomenon being studied.
EXAMPLE
 In her study of women diagnosed with
polycystic ovary syndrome synder (2006)
debriefed with two other researchers. At
each phase of her thematic analysis, synder
consulted with two other peer reviewers
until agreement was achieved. Both
reviewers were doctorally prepared nurses
with qualitative research experience.