INTRODUCTION

 Materials are important as they are of every day use . We encounter

materials from the moment we wake up to the moment we go to bed , when
we study , when we work , when we have fun , when we do sports , even
when we are sick .
 Some every day materials are ……………….
HISTORY

 People began to make tools from stone ( start of

the stone age ) was about two million years ago .
 The stone age ended about 5000 years ago with
the introduction of bronze age in the Far East .
Bronze is an alloy ( a metal made of more than
one element , copper + tin + other elements )
Bronze can be hammered or cast into a variety
of shapes , can be made harder by alloying ,
corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film
forms .
 The iron age began about 3000 years ago and
continues today .Use of iron and steel , a stronger and
cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a
common person .
 Age of advanced materials : throughout the Iron age
many new types of materials have been introduced (
ceramics , semiconductors , polymers , composites )
RELATION AMONG STRUCTURE , PROPERTIES ,
PROCESSING AND PERFORMANCE OF MATERIALS

 A betterunderstanding of structure –
composition – properties relation lead to a
remarkable progress in properties of materials .
Example is the dramatic progress in the strength
to density of materials , that resulted in a wide
variety of new products .
WHAT IS MATERIAL SCIENCE
Material science is the investigation of the
relationship among processing , structure ,
properties and performance of materials
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
ACCORDING TO SIZE
 Subatomic : Electronic structure of individual atoms that
define interaction atoms ( inter atomic bonding )
 Atomic level : Arrangement of atoms in materials , the
same can have different properties , for example
graphite and diamond )

 Microscopic structure : Arrangement of small grains

that can be identified by microscope
 Macroscopicstructure : Structural elements that can
be viewed with naked eyes .
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
ACCORDING TO TYPE
 Materials are broadly classified to metals and non metals .
Metals : They normally have high thermal and electrical
conductivities , they have high strength , they are ductile
and are easily formed . Metals may be pure ( a very rare
case ) or may be found as alloys .
 We all ( specially females ) love to think about 24 carat
gold . But because of cost , availability or properties the
presence of an impurity is important , so copper is normally
added .
 Another example is the Sterling silver contains 7.5%
copper ( if 99% silver is used it will cost more and more
and above its properties are inferior to those of Sterling
silver .
 Non metals : They have poor thermal and electrical
conductivity ( that is to say they have good insulating
properties ) . They have low strength .
 They are classified to polymers , composites and ceramic
materials
a) Ceramics : A ceramic material is a non metallic inorganic
solid often a crystalline oxide , nitride or carbide prepared by
the action of heat or subsequent cooling .Ceramic materials are
brittle , hard and strong in compression weak in shearing and
tension .
They can withstand very high temperatures ( 1000 – 1600 o C) .
They may be crystalline , semi-crystalline or even amorphous .
The most famous raw material is kaolinite .
b) Polymers : Based on their origin they are classified to
natural polymers such as cotton , natural rubber ,
leather , and synthetic polymers such as polyethylene
 The degree of polymerization depends upon the
temperature and pressure of the reaction as well as the
type of initiator used .
 Polymers are classified into :

Thermoplastics : Polymers of this type can be

recycled through melting and solidification , this can
be repeated several times ( cycles ) which normally
reduce its mechanical properties , thus lower grades of
the polymer is formed .
 Thermosetting : Cannot be recycled via melting , if
you try to melt they char and decay . They are
normally rigid and acquire higher strength compared
to thermoplastics
COMPARISON BETWEEN THERMOPLASTICS
AND THERMOSETTING

Thermosets

Thermoplastics

Elastomer
c) Composites : They are materials made of a
combination of two or more materials with
significantly different physical properties like :
 Building materials : cement , concrete

 Reinforced plastics : fiber-reinforced polymer

 Metal composites : Titanium carbide in cobalt matrix

FUTURE OF MATERIAL SCIENCE
Design of materials having specific desired
characteristics directly from our knowledge of
atomic structure :
 Miniaturization : Nanostructured materials with
microstructure that has length scale between 1
and 100 nanometers with unusual properties .
 Smart materials : airplane wings that adjust to
the air flow conditions , buildings that stabilize
themselves in earthquakes
 Environment - friendly materials :
Biodegradable or photodegradable plastics , advances in
nuclear waste processing , etc ….
 Learning from nature :
Shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the most
advanced laboratory-produced ceramics , molluscs produce
biocompatible adhesives that we do not know how to
reproduce ………..
THANK YOU