CULTURE DIVERSITY

AND SOCIETY
PRESENTATION
BY: GROUP -02
GAANA K REDDY
NAGAMANI C
NIVEDITHA
PRATHYUSHA M
VAISHNAVI N
 Introduction and Definition:
• Stratification has been derived from geogly which means it is the study of the
structure of earth in the terms of natural report.
• Social stratification means the arrangement of people in the society into various
layers on the basis of social status .
• The social stratification realizes both on social and psychological characteristic.
• Society has been divided based on economic , social, religious and other aspect.
• The concept of social stratification is made use to refer to such classification or
degree and placement of people in the society.
 Social Stratification:
• According to Raymond W Murray – “social stratification is a horizontal division
of society into higher and lower social units”.

• Social Differentiation:
• Society has divided the people on the basis of caste culture, gender, race,etc is
called social differentiation.
• Social differentiation separates people into distinct categories on the basis of
similar or dissimilar characteristics.
 Key Principles:

• Social stratification priest over generations

• Social stratification is universal but variable
• Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs is universal.
• Social stratification is a characteristic of society and not simply a function of
individual differences.
 Types of Social Stratification:
• Estates

• Social class

• Caste system
 Estates:
• Estates is a type of stratification that existed in Europe during middle ages.
• This system consisted of three main divisions namely the clergy, the nobility,
and the commoners.
• In England and France these three divisions were found:
○ Firstly, each estate had a distinctive life-style.
○ Secondly, these estates were hierarchically arranged with clergy at the top,
commoners at the bottom and the nobles occupied intermediary position. 18
 Social Class:
• A Social class system is radically different from other systems of stratification.
• Social classes are de facto groups.
• Classes are more economic groups.
• Classes features the industrial societies which develop since 17th century.
• Class differs in many respects from slavery, estates and castes.
• We can define a class as a large-scale grouping of people who share common
economics resources and this typically influences their life-styles.
• The major bases of class differences are wealth and occupation.
▣ 1. Classes are not established by legal or religious provisions.

▣ 2. Contrary to the other type of stratification an individual’s class is achieved and

not ascribed one.

▣ 3. Different classes of individuals differ from one another with respect to their
possession of material resources.

▣ 4. In other types of stratification system inequalities find expressions in personal

relationships of duty and obligation between slave and master.
 Caste System:
▣ Caste is associated with the cultures of the Indian subcontinent and the Hindu belief
in rebirth. The Indian caste system is unique among systems of social stratification.
Caste is related with economic differences which is reflected by the effective caste
groups or four Varnas of Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishyas and Sudras.

▣ Segmental division of society

▣ • Hierarchy
▣ • Restriction on dining together and social intercourse’s
▣ • Civil and religious disabilities and privileges of different sections
▣ • Specific occupations
▣ • Fixed rules
▣ Caste is a form of social stratification characterised
by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of
life which often includes an occupation, ritual status
in a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and
exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and
pollution. Its paradigmatic ethnographic example is
the division of India's Hindu society into rigid social
groups, with roots in India's ancient history and
persisting to the present time
▣ Modern India's caste system is based on the colonial
superimposition of the Portuguese word casta on the four-fold
theoretical classification called Varna and on natural social
groupings called Jāti.
▣ Many of India's major empires and dynasties like the Mauryas,
Shalivahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas among many others, were
founded by people who would have been classified as Shudras,
under the Varnas system
▣  In 2005, government recorded approximately 110,000 cases of
reported violent acts, including rape and murder, against Dalits.
▣ For 2012, the government recorded 651 murders, 3,855 injuries,
1,576 rapes, 490 kidnappings, and 214 cases of arson.
▣ . Many of India's major empires and dynasties like the Mauryas,
Shalivahanas, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas among many others, were
founded by people who would have been classified as Shudras,
under the Varnas system
▣  In 2005, government recorded approximately 110,000 cases of
reported violent acts, including rape and murder, against Dalits.
▣ For 2012, the government recorded 651 murders, 3,855 injuries,
1,576 rapes, 490 kidnappings, and 214 cases of arson.

▣ Sub Caste system of Islam and Christianity

 Stratification Throughout Ages in India:
• The stratification or classification of Indian society was based on the evolution of
religio-philosphic culture in India.
• The main reason of stratification in Indian society apart from the type done by the
particular group .
• It is important to note that religion is based intuition and emotion and not on , pure
rational attitude of mind .
• Religion is inspired and fed by faith and beliefs rather than reason .This aspect
bring in element of judgment in assessing fragmentation issues.
 Seven Well Defined Periods in History:
• Pre Aryan Period
• Vedic period
• Age of revolt
• The pauranic Age
• The Muslim period
• The British Age
• The modern period
 Consequences of Stratification:
• Social

• Economic

• Political

• Occupation
 Social, Political, Economic and Cultural
Consequences:
The structure of Indian society is one of the most complex in the world. It is a vast agglomerate
of hierarchies and power structure in which the combined effects of caste, class and patriarchy
result in the marginalization.
Social Consequences
Restriction in society and social interaction
In an effort to preserve caste structure, the ancient code of Manu in his Manusmruti: says what
item can or cannot be accepted by a person from a particular caste, what one can and cannot
eat, whom one can eat with, and most important one whom one can and cannot touch.
Civil and religious disabilities and privileges to some sections
Civil and religious disabilities and privileges to some sections
▣ strict maintenance of caste division inside the village
▣ where the untouchable people should live some miles away from the village where the place is designated to
them
▣ untouchables are barred from entering to near to temples and the place where the rest of the village taking the
water.
Restrictions in choice of occupation
▣ Traditionally, every sub-caste was associated with a specific occupation
▣ Brahman priest was respectable
▣ While untouchable leather worker was considered the most despicable
Restrictions on marriage
▣ Member of one caste member marrying to other caste member was banned. Violation of this rule can result in
immediate action.
▣ Ironic verse captures the essence of caste hierarchy and dominated brahman priests occupying the top while
shudras and untouchables were crushed under foot.
 Some Social Restrictions Faced by Dalits:
• Unable to use the public roads
• Not allowed to use public wells & tanks
• Not allowed to enter the schools
• Living conditions were made difficulties to lower castes as compared to upper ones.
• Distance must be maintained
• Dalit women were put to more difficulties in leading normal life
 Some political consequences

▣ The dominated caste like brahmans were not allowing the Dalits to the village
panchayat, the local municipality etc..
▣ They should not raise the voice against the rule, they have to just obey the ruler.
▣ In case if any Dalits or low caste people raise their voice against the ruling party, they
may go through the seviour punishments.
Some economic consequences
▣ Very less opportunities when compared to upper caste people
▣ They were not allowed to own the land how the brahmans or upper caste people own
the land
▣ Oil, rice , clothing were dominated by upper caste people where lower caste people
were deprived of trading facilities.
▣ Any government schemes will be enjoyed by the upper caste people rather it would not
even meeting the lower caste people.
 Cultural Consequences:
• The upper caste people would ever mingle with Dalits, they developed their own god
and goddess while Dalits has no entrance
• Lower class has no money or resources to pursue fruits of innovation, education or
developmental activities
• Mahatma Gandhi, Jyothiba Pule, Dr. B R Ambedkar has bought many ways to bring
the lowest people into the main stream
• These great legends make a teachings overall India about the unjustified caste and
people
• Their main motive was to bring to notice the untouchable or Dalits or low caste
people into the society’s eye, even they should enjoy the rights what a normal people
were enjoying
 Occupation:
• In any society there is a differentiation in the population, there is a division of labor
based on the occupations that are prevalent in the society.
• In the present industrial society the division of labor was based on the age, caste, and
the sex(gender)
• Apart from this there are few more factors: formal education, status on the
organization, training and the area of specialization.
• Even women were not supposed to do jobs when compared to men in those days
• Unemployed
• Occupation is regular activity which is carried out in order to earn a livelihood and a
maintain a social status in the society.
 Social Status and Occupation:
• The social status of a person is determining factor which varies from one
society to another
• the highest category of occupation which people graded: professionals,
doctors, and the company directors
• The second category occupations: business executives, lawyers, ca, then
government officials, priests
• The third category occupations: owner cultivators, sales representatives
• The lowest category occupations : sweepers and coolies
 Special rights for Dalits:
• Provision made for them people cannot question them as a discrimination against
them
• In case SC ST people, state can prohibit others from acquiring their land or
properties to protect their interests
• Connections with making appointments to various services of state or union the
claims of SC ST members shall be taken into constitution
• It is the duty of the committee to investigate all matters relations to the safeguard
provided for SC ST under the constitution
• Union government will provide grant in add to the states, for meeting the costs of
welfare schemes of SC ST
• The parliament can direct any state government to draw up and execute schemes
essential for welfare of the ST people of that state
• There more tribals in the states of Orissa, MP, Bihar & hence there states are
directed to create a ministry for welfare of sc st and backward classes
• Reservations of SC-15% and ST-7%
• The president by an order appoint a commission to look over the SC ST and also
scheduled tribes in the states
 Management and Business Perspective in the
Chapter:
 Disparities in social stratification
The social satisfaction due to caste or income level creates an unequal opportunity
to the weaker section of the society.

In order to create equality in Indian society, the successive central government have tried
few measures but full success is yet to be achieved. The family work and traditions
restrict many aspirants to go for higher education. The did parities are reduced but not
removed. It may take another decade or two decades to over come the unequal situation.
  Caste system and its evils
Down the Himalayas, the Indian subcontinent is known for caste system. All the
countries India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Ceylon, have this system
and the problems associated with it.
We have seen that stratification are differences in society based on occupation, income
and status.
a) Occupation stratification (Olden days)
▣ Brahman - Men of knowledge , literates, thought and science.
▣ Kshatriya - Men of various action and state craft.
▣ Vaistha - Men of business, commerce and entrepreneurship.
▣ Sudra - Men of manual labour with very little intelligence.
b) Stratification by income and status
• Due to historic reasons the lands, buildings most other properties belong to the
upper caste in society.
• Upper caste people have high income level compared to the SC/ST and BC
categories.
C) Predicament of weaker sections
▣ In Indian society SC ST BC and religions minorities are said to be unhappy
situation in education, healthcare, job opportunities, hence they are referred as
weaker section of the society.
Deprivation, Helplessness and Violence
▣ Various enquires and studies have revealed that grievances and
violence is mainly due to
a) Poverty
b) Unemployment
c) Poor health care and education
d) Social discrimination
Though these are normal causes, in India there are uncalled of
violence which could be avoided.
 Y O U
AN K
▣TH