UNIT-II

• Generation of Steam
• Fuel utilization
• Electric Power utilization
• Steam generation is the familiar process of boiling
water to make steam. Thermodynamically, the
heat energy used results in a change of phase
from liquid to gaseous state, i.e. from water to
steam. A steam generating system has to provide
a continuous and uninterrupted heat source for
this conversion.
 What should characteristics of boiler?
 Generate maximum steam.
 Light in weight and not occupy large space.
 Proper safety regulations.
 Cheaper in cost.
 Easily accessible for inspection and repair.
 Sources of heat in boiler?
• Wood
• Coal
• Diesel
• Natural Gas
• Nuclear Energy
 Types of Boiler?

1. Water Tube Boiler

2. Fire Tube Boiler
3. Packaged Boiler
4. Stoker Fired Boiler
5. Pulverized Fuel Boiler
6. Waste Heat Boiler
7. Fluidized Bed (FBC) Boiler
 Water Tube Boiler
The water is contained inside the
tubes(called water tubes) which are
surrounded by flames and hot gases from
outside.
•Used for high steam demand and
pressure requirements
•Capacity range of 4,500 – 120,000
kg/hour
Examples:
Babcock and Wilcox boiler
Stirling boiler
La - Mont boiler
 Yarrow boiler and
Loeffler boiler
Water Tube Boiler
 Fire Tube Boiler
 In fire tube steam boilers, the flames and hot gases produced by
the combustion of fuel pass through the tubes(called multi tubes)
which are surrounded by water.

 The heat is conducted through the walls of the tube from the hot
gases through the surrounding water.
 Fire Tube Boiler

Relatively small steam capacities (12,000 kg/hour).



Operates with oil, gas or solid fuels.

•Examples:
•Cochran boiler,
•Lancashire boiler,
•Cornish boiler
•Locomotive boiler
•Taper boiler
•Vertical fire tube boiler
 Waste Heat Boiler

 Used when waste heat available at

medium/high temp.
 Auxiliary fuel burners used if steam
demand is more than the waste heat
can generate.
 Used in heat recovery from exhaust
gases from gas turbines and diesel
engines.
Resource Utilization
•
Steam Utilization
The capacity of the steam generation system in a food
processing plant is established by requirements of the
individual operations using steam.
• The requirements are expressed in two ways: (1) the
temperature of steam needed as a heating medium, and (2)
the quantity of steam required to supply the demands of
the operation.

• Since the temperature requirement is a function of

pressure, this establishes one of the operating conditions of
the system. In addition, the steam properties are a function
of pressure (and temperature), which in turn influences the
quantity of steam utilized.
 Steam Utilization
• The steps involved in determining the capacity
of a steam generation system include the
following. The thermal energy requirements of
all operations utilizing steam from a given
system are determined.
 Steam Utilization
• The use of steam by various processes in a food
processing plant requires a transport system.
• The steam generation system is connected by a
network of pipelines to the processes using
steam.
• The transport system must account for two
factors: (1) the resistance to flow of steam to
the various locations, and (2) the loss of
thermal energy or heat content during
transport.
 FUEL UTILIZATION
• The energy requirements for food processing
are met in a variety of ways.
• In general, the traditional energy sources are
utilized to generate steam as well as to
provide for other utilities used in the
processing plant.
 ELECTRIC POWER UTILIZATION
• Electric power has become so commonplace in the
food industry that modern plants could not operate
without this power source.
• In fact, most plants of significant size have acquired
“back-up” electrical power generators to use in case
disruptions occur in the primary supply.
• It is quite evident that electric power represents the
most versatile and flexible power source available.
• In addition, the cost of electric power is very attractive
when compared with other sources.
Energy ac
diagram o
canning b
hour shift