AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The autonomic or involuntary part

of the nervous system controls
involuntary body functions. The
autonomic nerves system is divided
into two divisions
1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic
The two divisions work in an integrated
and complementary manner to maintain
involuntary functions and homeostasis.
Such activities include co-ordination and
control of breathing, blood pressure, water
balance, digestion and metabolic rate.
Sympathetic activity predominates in
stressful situation as it equips the body to
respond when exertion and exercise is
required. Para sympathetic activity is
increased when digestion and restorative
body activities predominate.
The effects of autonomic activity are
rapid. The effector organs are
•Smooth muscle which controls the
diameter of smaller airways and blood
vessels
•Cardiac muscle which controls the rate
and force of cardiac contraction
• Glands that control the volumes
gastrointestinal secretions.
The efferent {motor} nerves of the ANS arise
from the brain and emerge at various levels
between the mid brain and the sacral region of
the spinal cord. Many of them travel within the
same nerve sheath as peripheral nerves to
reach the organs they innervate.
Each division has two efferent neurons between
the CNS and effector organs which are
1. The preganglionic neuron
2. The postganglionic neuron
Sympathetic Ganglia
The lateral champs of the sympathetic:
the chains extends from the upper
cervical level to the sacrum one champ
lying on each other by nerve fibers.
Preganglionic neurons at the same level.
The arrangement of the same level very
quickly providing a raid and widespread
sympathetic response.
Paravertebral ganglia
There are three paravertebral ganglia
stunted in the abdominal cavity close to
the origins of arteries of the same
names
1. coeliac ganglion
2. superior mesenteric ganglion
3. inferior mesenteric ganglion
The ganglia consist of nerve cell bodies
rather diffusely
Distributed among a network of nerve
fibres that form plexuses.preganges
sympathetic fibers pass through the
lateral chain to reach these ganglia
 PARASYMPATHERTIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The neurons[preganglionic and post

ganglionic neurons]are involved in the
transmitter at both synapses is
acetylcholme
-The preganglionic neurons : This is
usually long in comasnision to its
counter part in the systepatheretic
nervous system and has its cell body
either in the brain or in the spinal cord.
Those originating in the brain form the
cranial nerves III,VII,IX,X arising from
nuclei in the mid-brain and the brain
stem. The cell bodies of the sacral outflows
are spinal cord .their fibers leaves the cord
in sacral segment 2, 3 and 4. The nerve
fibers of parasympathetic preganglionic
counter at or near the effector organs.
-The post ganglionic neurons: This is
usually very short and has supplied
 FUNCTIONS OF THE ANS
The ANS is concernced with regulations
of functions which are beyond voluntary
control. By controlling the vegetative
fuctions .ANS plays an importants role
maintaining the constants interals
environment chomeostasis
Almost all the insceral organs are
supplied by both
sympathetics and parasympathics
divisions of ANS and two di isions
produce antagonistic effects on each
organs is sectioned or affected by lesion,
the effects of fibres from other by
lesion,the effects of fibres from other
other divisions on organ become more
promments
 ACTION OF SYMPATHETICS AND
PARASYMPATHIC DIVISIONS OF ANS
EFFECTOR ORGAN SYMPATHETICS DIVISION PARASYMPATHETIC
DIVISION
1.Eye Ciliary Muscle Relaxation Contraction
pupil dilation Constriction
2 Lacrimal glands Decrease insecretion Increase in secretion

3 Salivary gland Decrease insecrections and Increase insecretor

vasoconstriction And vasodilation
4 Gastrointestinal tract Motility secretion Inhibition Acceleration
sphincter Decreases construction Increase relaxation

5 Gall bladder Relaxation Contraction

contriction Relaxation
6 Uninary bladder Detrusor muscles Relaxations Contraction
internal sphincters
constriction relaxation
7 Sweats glands Increase in secreation  

8 Hearts rate and force increase Decrease

9 Blood vessels Constraction of all blood vessals Dilation
expects these in heart and skeletal
muscle
10 Bronchioles dilation Contriction